[ABSTRACT]AIM:Toobservetheeffectofazithromycinontheratswithchronicobstructivepulmonarydisease ( COPD) , and to explore the underlying mechanism about the airway inflammation and mucus hypersecretion.METH-ODS:Male SD rats were randomly divided into normal control group, COPD model group, azithromycin treatment group. The COPD model was established by the method of cigarette smoking combined with intratracheal injection of LPS.Patho-logical changes of the bronchi and lung tissues of the rats were observed with HE staining.Pulmonary ventilation function in the rats was detected with pulmonary function instrument.The levels of IL-8, IL-17 and TNF-αin bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were measured by ELISA.The expression of MUC5ac and TLR4 at mRNA and protein levels in bronchi and lung tissues was determined by real-time PCR and Western blot.RESULTS:HE staining showed that the changes of bron-chi and lung tissues in model group were consistent with typical pathological manifestations of COPD .Compared with model group, these changes were alleviated in treatment group.The pulmonary functions in model group were significantly de-creased compared with control group.The levels of IL-8, IL-17 and TNF-αin the BALF in model group were significantly increased compared with control group (P<0.05).The expression of MUC5ac and TLR4 at mRNA and protein levels in model group was significantly higher than that in control group (P<0.05).Compared with model group, the degree of the descent in pulmonary function in treatment group was significantly lessened.Compared with model group, the levels of IL-8, IL-17 and TNF-αin treatment group were significantly inhibited (P<0.05).Furthermore, the expression of MUC5ac and TLR4 at mRNA and protein levels in treatment group was significantly lower than that in model group ( P<0.05 ) . CONCLUSION:Azithromycin decreases the levels of IL-8, IL-17 and TNF-αin the BALF of COPD model rats, inhibits the protein expression of MUC5ac and TLR4 in the lung tissues, thus playing a preventive and therapeutic role to reduce airway inflammation and airway mucus hypersecretion.

Objective To investigate the effects of a novel standardized training program on the satisfaction and training quality of general practitioners (GPs). Methods 114 GPs trained in Wuxi People's Hospital between 2009 and 2013 were included, 52 GPs and 62 GPs were trained before and after the reform respectively. The measures of teaching reform included improvements in curriculum provision, theory teaching, learning modality and skills training. The evaluation indexes of satisfaction questionnaire and examination were confirmed by literature method and small-group discussion. Self-report satisfaction ques-tionnaire were distributed to graduate GPs and valid questionnaires were collected, while the results of entrance examination and graduation examination of GPs were recorded before and after the teaching reform. The research data were analyzed by chi-square test using SPSS 16.0 software. Results The basic characteristics of GPs and results of entrance examination before and after the teaching reform were compa-rable (P>0.05), however, GPs' satisfaction with curriculum, theoretical education, study form and skill training were increased significantly after teaching reform (P<0.05). Besides that,the results of graduation examination of GPs after the teaching reform, both the theory and skill examination, were improved signifi-cantly (P<0.05). Conclusion The study showed that GPs satisfaction with training modality and the results of graduation examination were improved greatly through our innovative teaching reform.

OBJECTIVE: To observe the role of aminophylline and simvastatin in preventing and curing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and to explore the underlying mechanisms based on airway inflammation and mucus hypersecretion.
 METHODS: The rat model of COPD was established by combination of cigarette smoking with intratracheal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection. Male SD rats were randomly divided into 4 groups (n=10 per group): a control group, a COPD group, an aminophylline group and a simvastatin group. The rats in the control group and the COPD group were treated with normal saline once a day via intragastric administration, while the rats in the aminophylline group and the simvastatin group were treated with aminophylline (5 g/L) and simvastatin (0.5 g/L) 1 mL/100 g once a day via intragastric administration, respectively. Pulmonary function and pathological changes in bronchus and lung were observed. The levels of IL-8, IL-17, and TNF-α in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The mRNA and protein expressions of TLR4 and mucin 5AC (MUC5AC) in bronchi and lung tissues were detected by real-time PCR and Western blot, respectively.
 RESULTS: Pulmonary function and the pathophysiologic changes in bronchi and lung tissues in the COPD rats were consistent with typical phenotype of COPD. Compared with the control group, lung function indexes were significantly attenuated in the COPD group, while the levels of IL-8, IL-17, and TNF-α in BALF as well as the mRNA and protein levels of MUC5AC and TLR4 were significantly increased. Compared with the COPD group, lung function indexes were significantly increased in the aminophylline group and simvastatin group (P<0.01), while pulmonary pathological damages, the levels of IL-8, IL-17, and TNF-α in BALF as well as the mRNA and protein levels of MUC5AC and TLR4 were significantly decreased (P<0.01). Compared with the aminophylline group, the peak expiratory flow as well as the levels of IL-8, IL-17, and TNF-α in the simvastatin group were elevated (P<0.05). There are no significant difference in the mRNA and protein levels of MUC5AC and TLR4 between the 2 groups (P﹥0.05).
 CONCLUSION Aminophylline and simvastatin can decrease IL-8, IL-17, and TNF-α levels in BALF and inhibit the expression of MUC5AC and TLR4 in airway and lung tissues in COPD rats, suggesting that they may have a preventive and therapeutic effect on COPD through reducing the airway inflammation and mucus hypersecretion.
Aminophylline ; pharmacology ; Animals ; Bronchi ; metabolism ; Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid ; chemistry ; Cytokines ; chemistry ; Inflammation ; drug therapy ; Lipopolysaccharides ; Lung ; metabolism ; physiopathology ; Male ; Mucin 5AC ; metabolism ; Mucus ; metabolism ; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive ; drug therapy ; Random Allocation ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Simvastatin ; pharmacology ; Smoke ; adverse effects ; Smoking ; adverse effects ; Toll-Like Receptor 4 ; metabolism