The opening teaching practice should be enhanced and the teaching mode of higher pharmacy education with new development characteristics of pharmacy in the 21st century can be constructed by culturing innovation ability,on the basis of innovating teaching material and course systems as well as teaching methods.

This paper studies the differences of rational use of drugs policy between China and America,mainly focusing on the differences in the policy of clinical pharmacists,the research and development process of substitute for drugs,the guarantee system of medical treatment.In addition,it naturally analyzes the reasons for these kinds of differences from the view of culture and value.At last,it deeply summarizes the humanism positions and justice principles based on which the Rational Use of Drugs was drawn up from the angle of ethics.

Objective To evaluate the relationship of serum cystatin C (Cys C) levels and the severity of coronary artery diseases (CAD).Methods A total of 194 patients underwent coronary angiography were divided into two groups (102 CAD patients) and control group (non-CAD group,92 cases).To study the relationship of the level of serum cystatin C and the severity of CAD,the serum cystatin C of all enrolled patients was detected by immune-enhancing latex turbidimetry and the serum cystatin C level of CAD group was compared to control group.Results The serum levels of cystatin C of CAD were significantly higher than the control group (P ＜ 0.05).With the increased levels of serum Cys C,CAD severity average score was increased; logistic regression analysis showed that Cys C was one of the risk factors of CAD.Cystatin C concentration was significantly correlated with CAD severity score.A cut-off value of 0.79 mg/L for cystatin C predicted incident CAD with a sensitivity of 76.60％ and specificity of 82.60％,respectively.Conclusions Serum Cys C levels are valuable clinical predictors and closely related to CAD.With the increasing levels of serum Cys C,CAD becomes more severe.

Development of primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG) is closely related to the changes of the position and morphology of the lens owing to a shallow anterior chamber,pupillary blockage and angle closure.Lens extraction can deepen the depth of the anterior chamber and resolve the pupillary blockage,and therefore increase the outflow of aqueous fluid.Furthermore,the combination of lens extraction with goniosynechialysis can reopen the closed anterior chamber angle and relieve peripheral anterior synechia of pupil,with a better clinical effectiveness for primary angle closure glaucoma.Recently,the studies related to lens extraction for primary angle closure glaucoma have madc great progression,especially its mechanism and efficacy,and of course some existing problems of lens extraction are concerned.In this review,the relationship between lens and primary angle closure glaucoma,the clinical effectiveness of lens extraction for primary angle closure glaucoma,the safety evaluation of lens extraction and goniosynechialysis were summarized.

Humans ; T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic ; immunology ; virology

Objective: To investigate the neuroprotective effects of paeoniflorin (PF) against cell death induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in human neuroblastoma cells and its mechanisms. Methods: H2O2 was used to induce SH-SY5Y cell damages, and the cell survival rate was detected by CCK-8 assay; the cell morphologic changes were observed by inverted optical microscope; the apoptosis was tested using Hoechst 33258 staining; flow cytometer (FCM) and propidium iodide staining were used to analyze the apoptosis and cell cycle alteration; reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was determined by 2', 7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) fluorescence; lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) release was detected by reaction of diaphorase and INT; 8-OHdG production was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA); caspase-3 activity was determined by caspase-3 catalyzing the specific substrate. Results: Compared with control group, after the treatment with H2O2 (200 μmol/L) for 24 h, the viability and proliferation index of CH-SY5Y cells were significantly decreased (P < 0.01, 0.05), the apoptosis rate and content of 8-OHdG were increased (P < 0.01), the LDH resease and ROS production were increased (P < 0.01); the activity of caspase 3 was increased (P < 0.01). Compared with H2O2 injury group, PF (20-40 μmol/L) significantly ameliorated the changes in SH-SY5Y cells induced by H2O2 in concentration-related manner (P < 0.05). PF (10 μmol/L) did not significantly change the above indexes except the cell viability, ROS, and caspase-3 activity induced by H2O2 (P < 0.05). Conclusion: PF has the significant protective effect against the H2O2-induced cell injury, which may be related to eliminatinging ROS, alleviating DNA oxidative damage, regulation of cell cycle, and inhibition of apoptosis of caspase pathway activation.

OBJECTIVE: To study the protective effect of U83836E (lazaroids) on ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) in isolated rat heart. METHODS: The isolated rat heart models of IRI were developed by linking the isolated rat heart to Langendorff perfusion system. U83836E was injected in different time, the rat heart function of ischemia-reperfusion was observed. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and the cardiac treponin(cTnT) content in the outflow of coronary artery, and heat shock protein70 (HSP70) of myocardial tissue were measured. RESULTS: Compared with model group of ischemia-reperfusion, in the presence of U83836E, left ventricuIar systolic pressure(LVSP), the maximum rise rate of left ventricular pressure(+dp/dtmax) were increased (P<0.01), left ventricular end diastolic pressure(LVEDP)was depressed(P<0.05), the maximum fall rate left of ventricular pressure (-dp/dtmax) was accelerated (P<0.01). The content of LDH and cTnT in effluent samples of U83836E group(A group or B group) were lower than that in model group(P<0.01), the expression of HSP70 in myocardial tissue was increased(P<0.01). CONCLUSION: U83836E has protective effect on myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in isolated rat heart.

Objective To explore the effect of perforin(PFP) antibody on the expression of Granzyme B (GzmB) in viral myocarditis.Methods Forty-five 4-week-old BALB/c male mice were randomly divided into 3 groups,including normal control group (n=15),viral control group (n=15) and PFP antibody therapy group (n=15).The mice in normal control group were inoculated with 0.15 mL Eagle reagent,and the mice in viral control group and PFP antibody therapy group were moculated with 0.15 mL TCID501012 L-1 coxsackievirus B3.The mice in PFP antibody therapy group were inoculated with PFP antibody (0.1 mg/kg) on 6 h and 3 d post inoculation.The mice in 3 groups were sacrificed on day 10 post inoculation.Extracted their hearts,then fixed,dehydrated,embeded and sliced the myocardial tissues.The expressions of GzmB proteins in myocardium were determined by immunohistochemistry.The areas of GzmB were measured by the Leica Qwin V3 system.SPSS 11.5 software was used to analyze the data.Results There were 4 mouse dead in viral control group,and 2 mouse dead in PFP autibody therapy group,no mice dead in normal contol group.The expressions of GzmB were not found in myocardial tissues of normal control group,but there were lots of expressions of GzmB in myocardial tissues of viral control group[(67.13?1.82)%].Athough the expressions of GzmB in PFP antibody therapy group[(6.98?1.34)%] were significantly decreased compared with those in myocardial tissues of viral control group(q=66.180 P

Animals ; Cold-Shock Response ; Interleukin-2 ; blood ; Male ; Motor Activity ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; beta-Endorphin ; blood

With the success of the human genomic project, the amount of experimental data is increasing rapidly. In the post-genomic era, the focus is now shifting to the so called "from the sequence to the function", i.e., in addition to completing genome sequences, it is possible to learn about gene expression patterns and protein interactions on the genomic scale. Description and analysis of complex Genetic Regulatory Networks (GRN) is a critical problem for biologists to understand genetic regulatory mechanism. Most of existing methods ignore the synergistic effects observed widely in biologic systems. Thus there should be some errors between the predictions of the model and the actual biologic behaviors. To address this problem, a new quantitative analysis approach for genetic regulatory networks was proposed in the context of Hybrid Functional Petri Net (HFPN). Firstly, basic theory of GRN and HFPN was presented briefly. Petri-net-based models have been widely adopted for studying biological systems since Petri net has graphical modeling representation and strict mathematic background. In GRN, the combined effect of transcription factors to induce or repress gene transcription is usually different from the simple sum of their individual effects. This is so called Synergistic effect. Two kinds of new elements, logic places and logic transitions were introduced to describe the logic rules in GRN and the synergy between transcription factors. It was decided to extend existing tools instead of writing new software in order to have more time for the experimental part of this project. A Petri Net Workbench was developed based on the Open Source project the Petri Net Kernel (PNK) and the Systems Biology Workbench (SBW) during this project. The Petri Net Workbench was extended by the following features: the extended definition of Hybrid Functional Petri Net, the Ordinary Differential Equations (ODEs) solver, Systems Biology Markup Language (SBML) support and time course simulation. Finally, a Petri net model for the genetic regulatory network of the sea urchin endo16 gene was developed base on the GRN model published in literature and a list of quantitative outputs for different mutations was predicted. The analysis result corresponded to the experimental data published in literature properly and demonstrated the correctness of the Petri net model. It demonstrated how Hybrid Functional Petri net analysis techniques can be applied to Genetic Regulatory Networks. The new concepts of logic places and logic transitions had been proven to be useful for describe the logic rules in GRN and the synergy between transcription factors.