AIM and METHODS: To investigate the antagonistic effects of polymyxin B(PMB) in combination with glycine(Gly) on the pyrogenicity of endotoxin(ET) in rabbits and the LD 50 of PMB in mice. RESULTS: (1)The antagonistic effect of PMB plus Gly was augmented and the optimal combination was PMB(30 000 U) plus Gly(15 mg) to ET(0.01 ?g); (2)The LD 50 of PMB with or without Gly were 8.38?10 4 U/kg and 6.06?10 4 U/kg in mice, respectively. CONCLUSION: The antagonistic effect of PMB plus Gly on ET showed synergnism and this combination could decrease the toxicity of PMB.

?-MSH is an endogenous neuropetide that is effective of all categories of expreimental inflammation. The mechanisms underlying the anti-inflammatory influence of ?-MSH are reviewed in the article. ?-MSH suppresses inflammation in the CNS and periphery by downregulating the activation of NF-?B, then inhibiting production of proinflammatory cytokines, nitric oxide, chemokines and adhension molecules, and increasing synthesis of anti-inflammatory cytokines. ?-MSH is useful in the treatment of many pathological situations in humans.

AIM: To further investigate the role of central corticotropin-releasing hormone in stress-induced hyperthermia and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced fever in the rat. METHODS: Test substances were administered intracerebroventricularly (icv) via a third ventricle cannula. Body temperature responses were monitored at 30 min intervals using colonic thermistor probes. Arginine vasopressin (AVP) level in the ventral septal area (VSA) determined by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS: In normal saline controls, rats were handled to take the colonic temperature, their body temperature significantly increased with a peak of (0.88?0.31)℃. The injection (icv) of ?-helical CRH(9-41), a CRH-41 receptor antagonists, markedly attenuated the stress-induced hyperthermia within 90 min after injection of normal saline. LPS(300 ng, icv) stimulated a biphasic rise in the colonic temperature, the 3.5 h thermal response index (TRI 3.5 ) and AVP levels in the VSA of LPS-treated rats were higher than those of control rats. The AVP responses to LPS were inhibited significantly by blockade of central CRH actions using ?-helical CRH(9-41) (5 ?g ,icv) administered 10 min prior to LPS, while ?-helical CRH(9-41) (5 ?g ,icv) resulted in exacerbated febrile responses to LPS(300 ng, icv). CONCLUSION: Central CRH plays an important role in stress-induced hyperthermia. The injection (icv) of ?-helical CRH(9-41) enhances markedly LPS-induced fever in rats. CRH is a dual action molecule in LPS-induced fever, which itself mediates LPS-induced fever, at the same time, and limits the rise in body temperature during fever through actions of AVP in the VSA and glucocoticoids.

AIM: To investigate the effect of siduqing decoction,a Chinese medicine,on survival rate and multiple organ dysfunction in mice challenged with LPS. METHODS: Mice were administered intragastrically with Siduqing decoction or distilled water (0.2 ml/10 g) twice a day for 3 days,two hours after Chinese herbal medicine treatment on day 3,LPS or normal saline was injected intraperitoneally,and survival rates in each group were recorded at 12-h intervals. In another experiment,mice were sacrificed at 12 h after LPS,lung,liver,kidney and small intestine were collected and processed for the H & E staining. In addition,Blood was collected at 10 h after LPS injection for determining alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity,blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (Cr) contents. RESULTS: At 96 h after LPS injection,the survival rate (27%, n =34) was lower in LPS group than Siduqing treatment group (65%, n=31,P

AIM:To observe protective effect of L-glutamine on myocardial cell injury induced by endotoxin. METHODS:22 male SD rats,weighting(250?30)g,were randomly divided into three groups:control group( n= 7),endotoxin group( n= 7),glutamine/endotoxin group( n= 8). Heart were isolated from rats and perfused on Langendorff apparatus with Krebs- Henseleit(K-H)buffer(Saturation 95%O 2+5%CO 2)at a constant pressure(8.33 kPa)and temperature(37℃). The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD)and malondialdehyde (MDA)content of efflux from coronary artery, monophasic action potential(MAP)and contractile force were measured at certain timepoints (0 min,20 min,50 min,80 min). RESULTS: Monophasic action potential and contractile force were markedly improved in Gln/ET group. The activity of SOD and MDA level in Gln/ET group restored closely to that in control group. CONCLUSION:L-gluta mine protects myocardial cells from injure induced by endotoxin.

Objective To study the concentration distribution of acetone in fasting exhaled breath in diabetic patients and healthy subjects,to explore the effect of individual indexes on the concentration of acetone in fasting exhaled breath,and to study the role of individual indexes of fasting exhaled breath acetone in diabetes screening.Methods The acetone concentration measurements of fasting exhaled breath were performed on 265 healthy subjects,39 patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D),and 300 patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) using real-time online respiratory acetone analyzer based on cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS).SPSS 19.0 software was used to eliminate outliers,and relevant statistical analysis was carried out with the corresponding gender,age,height,body mass,body mass index (BMI) and blood glucose concentration (BGL).The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to evaluate the diagnostic value of fasting breath acetone concentration for diabetes diagnosing.Results The mean fasting breath acetone concentration in T1D patients was (2.24±1.43)×10-6 was significantly higher than (1.43±0.55)×10-6 in healthy subjects and (1.41±0.73)×10-6 in T2D patients,and the differences were statistically significant (all P＜0.05).The average fasting breath acetone concentration in male diabetic patients was higher than that in female patients.The mean fasting breath acetone concentration was positively correlated with age (R=0.31,P＜0.01) in healthy subjects,was positively correlated with BMI (R=0.33,P＜0.05) in T1D patients,and was positively correlated with height (R=0.18,P＜0.01) in T2D patients.The area under the ROC curve for the diagnosis of T1D by fasting breath acetone concentration was 0.853 with a sensitivity of 71.9％ and specificity of 87.4％ (P＜0.01),and for the diagnosis of T2D was 0.528 with a sensitivity of 54.1％ and specificity of 55.0％ (P＞0.05).Conclusions The detection of fasting breath acetone concentration is meaningful for T1D diagnosing,but has a low accuracy for T2D diagnosing (no statistically significant).

Human exhaled gases contain thousands of trace amounts of trace volatile organic compounds (VOCs), some of which are endogenous substance and can be detected as potential biomarkers for disease. Acetone, the second highest VOCs in human exhaled gases, has been widely used in non-invasive diagnosis and monitoring of diabetes. At present, more than 30 independent studies have been undertaken on the range of breath acetone concentration and its influencing factors, and the quantitative relationship between blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin in diabetic patients. However, there are still many challenges in the application of breath acetone as a clinical regulatory parameter for diabetes. In this paper, the research status and progress in the breath acetone and analysis method were reviewed, and the existing problems in diabetes diagnosis and monitoring were discussed. Besides, the future development prospects were analyzed with the present technical level.