Liver innate immunity plays an important role in the defense against pathogen invasion.The mechanisms of liver innate immunity for defending against pathogen invasion are reviewed,including the special anatomical and physiological characteristics of the liver,the fea-tures of innate immune cells in the liver (liver-settled cells and cells raised from blood circulation)and their function and relationship with each other in pathogen invasion,the process of pathogen identification and effect of liver innate immune cells,and the mechanism of liver immune injury and immune tolerance.Given current research on innate immune cells and innate immune molecules in the liver,further stud-ies should be conducted to understand the connection and difference between liver innate immunity and systemic immunity,thus promoting the diagnosis and treatment of liver diseases and deeper research.

Objective To study the influence of environment oxygen supplement and passive smoking on the blood gas indexes in rabbits.Methods Eighty adult Newzealand white rabbits were randomly divided into 4 groups,20 in each.The oxygen supplement and passive smoking group was exposed to cigarette smoke produced by 25 burning cigarettes,four hours per time,consecutively for twenty-four hours,simultaneously exposed to oxygen produced by two oxygen generators(600-1 000 ml/min per generator).The oxygen supplement group was exposed to oxygen produced by two oxygen generators(600-1 000 ml/min per generator) consecutively for twenty-four hours.The passive smoking group was exposed to cigarette smoke produced by 25 burning cigarettes,four huors per time,consecutively for twenty-four hours.The control group was exposed to general feeding environment.The analysis of variance of factorial design(2?2) was conducted,five blood gas indexes were measured.Results Under the condition of surroundings oxygen increasing,the partial pressure of blood oxygen was improved significantly(P0.05).No evident interaction was found between surroundings oxygen increasing and passive smoking.Conclusion Oxygen metabolism can be improved by environment oxygen supplement in rabbits,and the effect of passive smoking on the investigated five blood gas indexes is not considered significant.

Objective To observe the clinical efficacy and adverse reactions of docetaxel and carboplatin 21 day regimen (TC)as second -or third -line in treatment of patients with advanced triple -negative breast cancer (ATNBC).Methods 37 ATNBC patients with anthracyclines resistance were given docetaxel 70mg/m2 ,the first day of intravenous drip,carboplatin AUC =5,through intravenous drip on the first day,21 days for a course of treatment, until disease progression or not tolerated or most received six cycles of chemotherapy.Results 147 cycles of chemo-therapy were completed in 37 patients,and the median chemotherapy cycle was 4 cycles.The efficacy and adverse reactions could be evaluated in all patients.Among them,complete remission (CR)in 0 patient,partial remission (PR)in 12 patients (32.43%),stable (SD)in 11 patients (29.73%),and progression (PD)in 14 patients (41.18%).The effective rate(CR +PR)was 32.43%.The disease control rate (CR +PR +SD)was 62.15%,median TTP was 3.9 months (95%CI:4 -8months),and median OS was 10 months.Until the end of follow -up,there were 3 patients with no progress.The main adverse reactions were hematological toxicity (51.53%)and gastrointestinal reaction (56.76%).Conclusion TC regimen is effective and safe in the treatment of patients with ATNBC.

Objective To demonstrate the manifestations on positron emission tomographycomputed tomography (PET-CT) at different stages in anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis.Methods PET-CT was performed in 10 patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis at different clinical stages,and the images were analyzed to investigate the relation of metabolic patterns in the images with clinical presentations.Results Except for normal PET-CT images in 2 patients,images in 8 patients at early stage of the disease showed generally increased 2-[18F] fluoro-2-Deoxy-D-glucose(18F-FDG) uptake at frontal and temporal lobe,basal ganglion and cerebellum,indicating hyper-metabolism in these areas,while 2 of them also had mixture of hyper-and hypo-metabolism in parietal-occipital region.In longitudinal analysis of PET-CT images in these 8 cases,starting at basal ganglion,18 F-FDG uptake gradually decreased bilaterally,prominently at left dominant hemisphere and right cerebellum.Conclusions During the course of anti-NMDAR encephalitis,18F-FDG metabolism markedly increases at early stage and then gradually declines at late stage,at frontal,temporal,parietal and occipital lobes,basal ganglion and cerebellum,predominantly at left dominant hemisphere and right cerebellum.However,in relapsing anti-NMDAR encephalitis,18 F-FDG metabolism in brain does not show these characteristics.

Objective To study the protective action of Semen Ziziphi Spiosaeand on acute myocardial ischemia and its effecte on infarcted area. Methods Left anterior descending(LAD) of coronary artery was ligated to cause the big rat's acute myocardial ischemia, and electrocardiogram (ECG) was used to appraise the effect of sour jujube kernel total soap on the myocardial infarcted area. Results Compared with control group, the experimental group treated with sour jujube kernel total soap glucosidal showed significantly smaller infarcted area; and ECG showed the heart rhythm, S-T piece and T wave value were significantly decreased in the experimental group. Conclusion Sour jujube kernel total soap glucosidal can reduce the myocardial infarcted area caused by ligature of LAD, so as to protect the cardiac muscle.

Objective To investigate the preventive effect of inactive schistosome ova on trinitrobenzesulfonic acid(TNBS)-induced colitis in mice and its mechanism.Methods Murine colitis was induced by administration of 3 mg of TNBS.Sixty mice were divided into control group(n=20),treatment group(n=20)and model group(n=20).Ten thousand frozen inactive schistosome ova were intraperitoneal injected at 14th and third day before TNBS induction in treatment group.The mice in model group were intraperitoneaUy injected with saline. All survival mice were killed at 7th day and mortality rate was calculated and morphological and pathological changes were eveluated.Expression of interleukin-10 and interferon-γ at colon tissue and serum were measured by real-time PCR and ELISA,respectively.Results The mortality rate in treatment group was lower than that in model group(20%vs 50%,P＜0.05)and the colonic inflammation alleviated(Ameho-criteria score:1.58±0.5 vs 4.18±0.8,P＜0.05)compared with the model group.Meanwhile,compared with model group,the expression of interferon-γ was decreased[serum:(48.33±16.59)pg/ml vs(29.79±6.97)pg/ml,colon tissue:2.31±1.08 vs 7.23±3.52 P＜0.05]and interleukin-10 was increased significantly[serum:(28.87±5.74)pg/ml vs(38.22±9.96)pg/ml,colon tissue:3.68±1.58 vs 7.44±3.04 P＜0.05]in treatment group.Conclusions IntraDeritonealy injection of inactive schistosome ova can alleviate inflammation of TNBS-induced colitis in mice,which may be the result of increased IL-10 and decreased IFN-γ expression in colon and serum.

Objective To evaluate the parametric features of image textures on 18F-FDG PET/CT for the differentiation between malignant and benign pulmonary nodules and compare the diagnostic performance of these parameters with SUVmax.Methods 18F-FDG PET/CT images of 170 patients (102 males,68 females,age range:29-81 (mean 59)years) with pulmonary nodules were retrospectively evaluated.Eightynine pulmonary nodules (230 slices) were malignant and 81 (193 slices) were benign.The pulmonary nodules were contoured on CT images and mapped to the co-registered PET images.Thirteen parameters of textural features were extracted and SUVmax was measured.Logistic regression analysis was used to identify the significant texture parameters and create a regression model.The efficacy of the textural features and SUVmax to distinguish between malignant and benign pulmonary nodules was evaluated by ROC curve analysis.The textural features of squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma were compared via the Mann-Whitney u test.The sensitivity and specificity of the textural features and SUVmax for the differential diagnosis were compared with x2 test.Results Logistic regression model identified 4 textural features (skewness (β =1.7058),kurtosis (β =-1.0989),angular second moment (ASM,3 =-4.4140) and strength (β =0.5626) ; all P ＜ 0.05) to have significant correlation with the malignancy of lung nodules.The AUC of ROC curve was 0.775 (95％ CI0.732-0.819; P＜0.001) with the sensitivity of 89.6％ (206/230) and specificity of 50.8％ (98/193).ASM and strength had statistically significant differences between squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma [ASM:0.0303 (95％ CI 0.0392-0.0724) vs 0.0594 (95％ CI 0.0721-0.0947) ; strength:2.4714 (95％ CI 2.4632-4.1050) vs 1.5945 (95％ CI 1.9003-2.4652) ; u =3082.0 and 3115.0,both P＜0.01].The AUC of SUVmax-based diagnosis was 0.757 (95％ CI 0.711-0.802 ; P ＜ 0.001) with the sensitivity of 80.9 ％ (186/230) and specificity of 50.3 ％ (97/193) at a cut-off value of 2.5.The sensitivity of the textural features was superior to SUVmax in differentiating malignant from benign pulmonary nodules (x2 =6.903,P ＜ 0.01).Conclusions Image textural parametric features extracted from 18 F-FDG PET/CT are more sensitive to differentiate between malignant and benign pulmonary nodules compared to SUVmax.They might also be useful to discriminate between different pathological types of lung cancers.

In either type 1 or type 2 diabetes,there is significant loss of β cell mass.Understanding the changing of β cell mass in the course of diabetes would provide important information for diagnosis and treatment.Functional imaging like magnetic resonance imaging or positron emission tomography (PET) can provide safe and noninvasive detection of loss of β cell mass in the course of diabetes.Among them,radio-labelled imaging is the most sensitive imaging procedure of the β cell ; For dihydrotetrabenazine PET imaging aiming β cell mass,there has been some primary outcome.For the key factor causing type 2 diabetes,18 F-6-deoxy-6-fluoro-D-glucose (18F-6-FDG) PET imaging is an effective tracer to study the glucose transporting condition in vivo.Further development of functional imaging will be of great value in diagnosis and treatment of diabetes.

Objective To analyze the microRNA-155 (miR-155) expression in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC),and to assess its correlation with clinicopathological parameters and its prognostic significance.Methods MiR-155 expression was detected in specimens of HCC and its adjacent non-tumorous liver tissues in 124 HCC patients by real-time PCR.The expression was also detected in different HCC cell lines.The Kaplan-Meier Curve was used to analyze survival of HCC patients.Gain-and loss-of-function studies were used to determine whether miR-155 impact cell cycle,cell proliferation and apoptosis of HCC cells.Results Expression of miR-155 in HCC tissues was significantly elevated when compared with that in the adjacent non-tumor liver tissues (P ＜ 0.05).MiR-155 expression was significantly higher in different HCC cell lines (P ＜ 0.05) than that in normal liver cells.MiR-155 overexpression was significantly correlated with large tumor size (P ＜ 0.05),high histological grade (P ＜ 0.05) and advanced tumor stage (P ＜ 0.05).Patients with high miR-155 expression had significantly decreased overall survival (P ＜ 0.05) and disease-free survival (P ＜ 0.05).Upregnlation of miR-155 promoted cell cycle transition from G1 to S phase (P ＜ 0.05),increased cell proliferation (P ＜ 0.05) and apoptosis resistance (P ＜ 0.05) in Hep3B cells.Downregulation of miR-155 resulted in G1 arrest,apoptosis promotion and proliferation reduction in SMMC-7721 cells (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion MiR-155 can be used as a prognostic marker for HCC patients,and target therapy on miR-155 can be used as a potential option to prevent HCC progression.

Objective To find the optimal scanning time window and then set up the normal binding potentials (BPs) of 2β-carbomethoxy-3β-(4-fluorophenyl)-(N-11C-methyl) tropane (11C-CFT) DAT PET/CT imaging.Methods Thirty-one healthy volunteers (20 males,11 females,average age:(55.7±2.3) years),who all gave written informed consent,were divided into three age and gender-matched groups according to block randomization.Each group underwent static PET/CT scan in different time windows from 40-60 min,60-80 min to 80-100 min after 11C-CFT injection.To determine the best scanning time window,the ratios of caudate and putamen of all volunteers were analyzed using automatic ROI method (caudate (putamen)/parieto-occipital cotex-1) and compared by one-way analysis of variance and the least significant difference (LSD) t test.The ratio of the same area between different age-groups and gender-groups was compared with independent two-sample t test.Results Ratios of left caudate (2.08±0.06,1.75±0.07and 1.77±0.12 respectively),right anterior putamen (2.33±0.06,1.95±0.09 and 2.08±0.12 respectively)and bilateral posterior putamen (left:1.88±0.66,1.55±0.88 and 1.72±0.09; right:1.98±0.07,1.61±0.09and 1.69±0.12) were all different in three time windows (F=3.588,3.345,4.479,3.557,all P＜0.05).There were significant differences in ratios of left caudate,right anterior and bilateral posterior putamen between 40-60 min and the 60-80 min (all P＜0.05),as well as the ratios of left caudate between 40-60 min and the 80-100 min group (P＜0.05).While no valid differences in ratios of those areas were shown between the groups of 60-80 min and 80-100 min scanning time window (all P＞0.05).DAT densities in right and left side of caudate,anterior and posterior putamen were significantly lower in the group over 60 years of age than those under 60 years (t=-3.260,-3.090,-3.270,-3.190,-2.270,-3.110,all P＜0.05),but were not different between gender-groups (t =0.367,0.522,0.144,0.524,0.166,0.004,all P＞0.05).Conclusions Sixty min after injection of 11C-CFT,the BPs achieve stable stage,so the best scanning time window of 11C-CFT DAT PET imaging was 60-80 min after injection.Identification of normal DAT distribution and understanding of normal BPs of 11C-CFF are necessary before its clinical application.