Objective To examine the difference in myocardial protection provided by continuous and intermittent warm blood cardioplegia during coronary artery bypass (CAB) .Methods Thirty ASA Ⅰ-Ⅱ patients undergoing CAB with warm CPB were randomly divided into two groups : (A) continuous warm blood cardioplegia ( n = 15) and (B) intermittent warm blood cardioplegia ( n = 15) . During CPB the body temperature was maintained at 33℃ -34℃ . Arterial blood samples were taken before skin incision (T0) , 1 h after going on CPB (T1 ) and 6h , 24h after coming off CPB (T2, T3 ), for determination of plasma concentration of cardiac troponin T (cTnT) using ELISA method. A small piece of myocardium was obtained from right ventricle (about 1g ) before aortic crass-clamping and after the aortic clamp was removed for determination of myocardial ATP content and ultrastractural examination. Results The demographic data were comparable between the two groups. Plasma cTnT level increased significantly at T1 and T2 as compared with the baseline values (T0) and then returned to normal level at T3 in both groups. The cTnT level was significantly higher in group B than that in group A at T2 (6h after weaning from CPB)The myocardial ATP content decreased significantly after aortic clamp was removed as compared with that before cross-clamping of aorta, but myocardial ATP content in group A was significantly higher than that in group B after release of arotic clamp. Mitochondria score was significantly higher after release of aortic cross-clamp than that before aortic cross-clamping.Conclusion Continuous warm blood cardiaplegia is superior to intermittent warm blood cardioplegia during CPB in terms of myocardial protection.

Objective To investigate the correlation of the plasma homocysteine level and serum B/apolipoprolionAl(ApoB/ApoAl) radio with cerebral vascular stenosis in patients with cerebral infarction.Methods 184 patients with cerebral infarction experienced cerebral digital substraction angiography (DSA) were selected.Among them,158 patients with cerebrovascular stenesis and 26 patients without stenosis were included.Three groups were categorized by distribution of artery lesion sites:isolated intracranial artery stenesis ( n =48 ),isolated extracranial artery stenosis( n =60) co-existing of intracranial and extracranial artery stenosis( n =50).The correlation analysis was made between the levels of Hcy and ApoB/ApoAl with cerebral vascular stenosis in patients with cerebral infarction.Results ( 1 ) The proportion of subjects with high level of plasma homocysteine was significantly higher in patients with cerebrovascular stenosis than those without[( 16.9 ±8.1 ) μmol/L vs (8.6 ±4.6) μmol/L,P ＜0.001 ;40％ vs 0,P ＜0.01].The proportion of subjects with high level of ApoB and ApoB/ApoA1 ratio was significantly higher in patients with cerebrovascular stenosis than those without ApoB [( 1.02 ± 0.25 ) vs ( 0.86 ± 0.22 ) g/L,P ＜ 0.01],ApoB/ApoAl ratio [( 0.94 ± 0.50) vs ( 0.64 ± 0.21,P ＜ 0.01 )].(2) For the different groups of artery lesion sites,the proportion of subjects with high level of plasma homocysteine was not significantly different[( 16.1 ± 8.5 )mml/L、( 17.0 ± 8.9 ) mmol/L、( 16.7 ± 8.7 ) mmol/L,P ＞ 0.05],the proportion of subjects with ApoB/ApoAl ratio was not significantly different [0.98 ± 0.45,0.93 ± 0.48,0.96 + 0.50,P ＞ 0.05].(3) Based on multivariable stepwise Logistic regression model,the increased level of Hcy( OR =1.146,95％ CI:1.021 ～ 1.287 ;P =0.021 ),the increased level of ApoB/ApoAl ( OR =4.71,95 ％ CI:1.70 ～ 14.20,P =0.005 ),the increased level of ApoB ( OR =4.50,95 ％ CI 为 1.62 ～ 12.80,P =0.007),the increased level of Cho ( OR =2.406 ;95％ CI:1.145 ～ 5.055 ; P =0.023 ),the decresed level of HDL( OR =0.089,95％ CI:0.014 ～ 0.551,P =0.017 ) were all risk factors.Conclusion High level of plasma homocysteine and ApoB/ApoAl were both independent risk factors for cerebral vascular stenosis.

Objective To explore the reasons for rebleeding and its coping strategies.Methods To study the 19 hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage patients'medical records who suffered postoperative rebleeding in our department from June 2011 to May 2015.Results Rebleeding time:within 6 hours:11 cases,6 ~24 hours:5 cases, 2 ~3 weeks:3 cases.Among 19 cases,hematoma puncture drainage in 2 cases,small bone window craniotomy surgery in 9 cases,craniotomy with big bone flap decompression in 8 cases,6 cases with severely disabled and 7 cases died. Conclusion Intraoperative bleeding operation is not standardized,early postoperative blood pressure control failure in patients,preoperative instability function are the main causes of postoperative bleeding.Choosing a better operating time,the specification intraoperative hemostasis and controlling blood pressure to stable after surgery can reduce the membership of hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage incidence of postoperative bleeding.

Objective To determine the drug-resistance rate of Enterococci isolated from patients of 5 padiatric hospitals located at different areas in China,and to investigate the distribution of resistance genes ermB,mefA,tetM and the integrase gene intTn of Tn1545 in Enterococci.Methods The antimicrobial susceptibility to 8 antibiotics of 2 216 Enteroeocei isolates was determined.PCR was used to detect the macrolide resistance genes ermB and mefA,tetracycline resistance genes tetM,and the integrase gene int-Tn of Tn1545.Results The resistance rates to erythromycin,ampicillin,gentamicin and teicoplanin were 86.5%,48.0%,60.5% and 0.7%,respectively.All isolated Enterococci straim were found sensitive to vancomycin.Of the detected 225 strains,70.7% of the 225 detected strains carried ermB gene while 75.1% of them carried tetracycline resistance gene tetM:only one strain had mefA.The presence of ermB gene in erythromycin MIC＞256 mg/L straim group(95.7%)strains was higher than those in erythromycin MIC＜256 mg/L group(2.5%).The int-Tn gene was detected in 40.9%(92/225)of the 225 test strains.The presence of ermB gene in int-Tn positive group strains was higher(84.8%)than those in int-Tn negative strains group(60.9%).So did the tetM in int-Tn positive group(83.7%)compared with those in int-Tn negative group(70.0%).Conclusions Enterococci sbowed a high resistance rate to the antibiotics we monitored,especially to erythromycin;but still very senstive to glycopeptide antibiotics. Resistance to macrolide in Enterococci collected from clinical in five Children's Hospital was generally mediated by methylation of 23S rRNA via ermB methylase. Enterococci resistance to tetracycline was predominantly due to ribosomal protection encoded by tetM. There was a strong relationship of the ermB and tetM genes with Tn1545-related elements.

Objective To study the mechanism of two-component system of MprAB and TrcRS in synergistically regulating gene rv1057 expression of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.Methods The in vivo specific binding capability of MprA and TrcR with the target gene promoter region was analyzed using electrophoretic mobility shift assay.The transcription level of target gene was analyzed by using fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction,and all results were compared with the fold changes in H37Rv strain plus SDS group,which was set as one unit.The expression level of target gene was analyzed by using western blot;the transcription ability of different promoter region of rv1057 was detected through lacZ report gene.The t test was used for statistical analysis.Results MprA was able to bind to trcR promoter.The expressions of trcR in D981 and H37Rv strains without SDS were 1.7 and 2.5 folds of the expression of H37Rv strains with SDS groups,respectively.The difference between these two groups was statistically significant (t=18.54,P＜0.05).With SDS,the expressions of trcR in D981 and H37Rv strains were 1.0 and 2.1 folds of the expression of H37Rv strains plus SDS group,respectively.The expressions of trcR in D981 and H37Rv strains were significantly different (t=15.86,P＜0.05).After adding SDS during the culture of H37Rv strains,the expression of trcR in H37Rv decreased.The difference between these two groups was statistically significant (t=16.99,P＜0.05).Both MprA and TrcR were able to bind to rv1057 promoter and regulate its expression.MprA activated the expression of rv1057,while TrcR repressed the expression of rv1057.Conclusions MprAB and TrcRS synergistically regulate the expression of rv1057.MprA is activated in the presence of SDS,which represses the transcription of trcR and activates the transcription of rv1057.However,TrcR represses the transcription of rv1057 in the absence of SDS.

Objective:To summarize the experience on accurate prevention and control of children′s emergency department during the epidemic of novel coronavirus Omicron variant.Methods:We retrospectively analyzed the strategies and management experience of emergency prevention and control of novel coronavirus infection in emergency department at Children′s Hospital of Fudan University from March to May 2022.Results:As a designated hospital for treating pediatric patients who contracted novel coronavirus in Shanghai, the emergency department in our hospital was confronted with the dual pressure of critical patients treatment and pandemic prevention and control.We carefully studied a series of laws and regulations, as well as the newest edition of Chinese clinical guidance for novel coronavirus pneumonia diagnosis and treatment, and combined with the characteristics of novel coronavirus infection in children, then formulated the independent emergency department, fever clinics and novel coronavirus clinics; Updated the emergency department pre-examination triage process, the precautions pratice of clinical stuffs and disfection strategy, and established the second emergency department.From the beginning of March to the end of May 2022, a total of about 12 000 patients were admitted to the emergency department in our hospital, including 704 patients in the resuscitation room, 652 patients in the observation room, and 164 patients in the emergency ward.There were six patients with novel coronavirus infection in the emergency department.Neither nosocomial infection nor occupational exposure occurred.Conclusion:After 3 months of practice, the results showed that it can fully guarantee the timely treatment of critically ill children and achieved zero cross-infection in the hospital, which has important reference significance for the treatment of children, epidemic prevention, control during the novel coronavirus epidemic.

Objective:To summarize the experience of the precise prevention and control strategy of novel coronavirus infection in the pediatric intensive care unit(PICU)during the epidemic of the Omicron variant.Methods:A retrospective analysis was performed on the strategies and management experience of precise prevention and control of novel coronavirus infection in PICU at Pediatric Hospital of Fudan University from March 1 to May 10, 2022.Results:According to the national and Shanghai novel coronavirus infection prevention and control standards, the PICU in our hospital, in accordance with the specialty characteristics of PICU, cooperated with the hospital′s department of infection and medical department to jointly construct a precise ward management strategy for the outbreak of the omicron mutants infection.Precise prevention and control management strategies were formulated from four aspects: the admission process of critically ill children, the division of PICU ward areas and nosocomial infection protection, the reception management system for children′s family members, and the " bubble management" system for PICU staff, and run them for 3 months.During the epidemic, there was no nosocomial infection of novel coronavirus infection in children or medical staff.During the period, a total of 140 critically ill children were admitted, including 87 cases transferred from the general ward in the hospital, 48 cases from the emergency department(non-febrile, 3 cases transferred by the transfer team), four cases from fever clinic, and one case from control ward.Four of the critically ill children had no emergency nucleic acid test report when they were admitted to the PICU.Among the 140 critically ill children, 54 patients received mechanical ventilation, 18 patients received blood purification, and two patients were monitored after liver transplantation.Seventy-eight (55.7%) children had underlying diseases.Conclusion:During the current round of novel coronavirus epidemic in Shanghai, PICU in our hospital formulated the admission and ward management procedures for critically ill children, which ensured the prevention and control of nosocomial infection of novel coronavirus, and at the same time ensured the treatment of critically ill children to the greatest extent.

Group A Streptococcus (GAS) is a very important pathogen, especially for children.On a global scale, GAS is an important cause of morbidity and mortality.But the burden of disease caused by GAS is still unknown in China and also has not obtained enough attention.For this purpose, the expert consensus is comprehensively described in diagnosis, treatment and prevention of GAS diseases in children, covering related aspects of pneumology, infectiology, immunology, microbiology, cardiology, nephrology, critical care medicine and preventive medicine.Accordingly, the consensus document was intended to improve management strategies of GAS disease in Chinese children.

Objective To investigate the antimicrobial resistance profile of the clinical isolates collected from selected hospitals across China. Methods Twenty-nine general hospitals and five children's hospitals were involved in this program. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was carried out according to a unified protocol using Kirby-Bauer method or automated systems. Results were interpreted according to CLSI 2017 breakpoints. Results A total of 190 610 clinical isolates were collected from January to December 2017, of which gram negative organisms accounted for 70.8％ (134 951/190 610) and gram positive cocci 29.2％ (55 649/190 610). The prevalence of methicillin-resistant strains was 35.3％ in S. aureus (MRSA) and 80.3％ in coagulase negative Staphylococcus (MRCNS) on average. MR strains showed much higher resistance rates to most of the other antimicrobial agents than MS strains. However, 91.6％ of MRSA strains were still susceptible to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, while 86.2％ of MRCNS strains were susceptible to rifampin. No staphylococcal strains were found resistant to vancomycin. E. faecalis strains showed much lower resistance rates to most of the drugs tested (except chloramphenicol) than E. faecium. Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) was identified in both E. faecalis and E. faecium. The identified VRE strains were mainly vanA, vanB or vanM type based on phenotype or genotype. The proportion of PSSP or PRSP strains in the non-meningitis S.pneumoniae strains isolated from children decreased but the proportion of PISP strains increased when compared to the data of 2016. Enterobacteriaceae strains were still highly susceptible to carbapenems. Overall, less than 10％ of these strains (excluding Klebsiella spp.) were resistant to carbapenems. The prevalence of imipenem-resistant K. pneumoniae increased from 3.0％ in 2005 to 20.9％ in 2017, and meropenem-resistant K. pneumoniae increased from 2.9％ in 2005 to 24.0％ in 2017, more than 8-fold increase. About 66.7％ and 69.3％ of Acinetobacter (A. baumannii accounts for 91.5％) strains were resistant to imipenem and meropenem, respectively. Compared with the data of year 2016, P. aeruginosa strains showed decreasing resistance rate to carbapenems. Conclusions Bacterial resistance is still on the rise. It is necessary to strengthen hospital infection control and stewardship of antimicrobial agents. The communication between laboratorians and clinicians should be further improved in addition to surveillance of bacterial resistance.

Objective To investigate the distribution and antimicrobial resistance profiles of the common pathogens isolated from urine from 2015 to 2021 in the CHINET Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Program.Methods The bacterial strains were isolated from urine and identified routinely in 51 hospitals across China in the CHINET Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Program from 2015 to 2021.Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by Kirby-Bauer method,automatic microbiological analysis system and E-test according to the unified protocol.Results A total of 261 893 nonduplicate strains were isolated from urine specimen from 2015 to 2021,of which gram-positive bacteria accounted for 23.8％(62 219/261 893),and gram-negative bacteria 76.2％(199 674/261 893).The most common species were E.coli(46.7％),E.faecium(10.4％),K.pneumoniae(9.8％),E.faecalis(8.7％),P.mirabilis(3.5％),P.aeruginosa(3.4％),SS.agalactiae(2.6％),and E.cloacae(2.1％).The strains were more frequently isolated from inpatients versus outpatients and emergency patients,from females versus males,and from adults versus children.The prevalence of ESBLs-producing strains in E.coli,K.pneumoniae and P.mirabilis was 53.2％,52.8％and 37.0％,respectively.The prevalence of carbapenem-resistant strains in E.coli,K.pneumoniae,P.aeruginosa and A.baumannii was 1.7％,18.5％,16.4％,and 40.3％,respectively.Lower than 10％of the E.faecalis isolates were resistant to ampicillin,nitrofurantoin,linezolid,vancomycin,teicoplanin and fosfomycin.More than 90％of the E.faecium isolates were ressitant to ampicillin,levofloxacin and erythromycin.The percentage of strains resistant to vancomycin,linezolid or teicoplanin was＜2％.The E.coli,K.pneumoniae,P.aeruginosa and A.baumannii strains isolated from ICU inpatients showed significantly higher resistance rates than the corresponding strains isolated from outpatients and non-ICU inpatients.Conclusions E.coli,Enterococcus and K.pneumoniae are the most common pathogens in urinary tract infection.The bacterial species and antimicrobial resistance of urinary isolates vary with different populations.More attention should be paid to antimicrobial resistance surveillance and reduce the irrational use of antimicrobial agents.