ObjectiveTo evaluate and compare the curative effect and the safety of sclerotherapy of venous malformation in children using absolute ethanol and pingyangmycin.MethodsEighty children with venous malformation were treated by sclerotherapy with absolute ethanol or pingyangmycin under general anesthesia during February of 2009 to May of 2011. Diagnostic criteria included the presence of a bluecolored lesion at birth,with gradual increase in its size associated with a positive postural test.MRI showed characteristic imaging features.Eighty patients were divided into two groups by randomization.Forty patients were treated with absolute ethanol,and the remaining 40 patients with pingyangmycin. The therapeutic effects and side effects were observed and recorded during a follow-up period of 6 to 24 months ( average 15 months).Treatment results weredividedinto four categories: cure, basiccure, effective, and ineffective,and the former three categories were considered effective in treatment.Chi-square test was used to compare the rate of effective treatment and rate of complications in these two groups.ResultsThe effective patients treated with absolute ethanol was 38 (95.0％,38/40),and the effective patients with pingyangmycin was 26(65.0％,26/40),x2 test ( x2 =11.25,P ＜ 0.01 ) difference was statistically significant.Eight patients developed skin necrosis; 4 patients serious local swelling,2 patients muscle fibrosis,1 patient cerebral embolism in the absolute alcohol group.Two patients developed postoperative fever and vomiting and 2 skin necrosis in the pingyangmycin group,the difference was statistically significant (x2 =12.29,P ＜0.01 ). ConclusionsSclerotherapyiseffectiveforthetreatmentofvenousmalformationsin children.Absolute ethanol is more effective,but associated with more complications,such as skin necrosis or as serious as cerebral embolism,than pingyangmycin.

Objective To evaluate the safety and efficacy of percutaneous ethanol embolization (PEE) in treating arteriovenous malformation (AVM) of foot in children.Methods The clinical data of 11 sick children with arteriovenous malformation of foot,who were treated with PEE in authors' department during the period from January 2007 to January 2016,were retrospectively analyzed.The clinical symptoms,the type of tumor nidus,the therapeutic effect and the postoperative complications were analyzed.Results The 11 sick children included 6 boys and 5 girls,with a mean age of 9 years.Foot mass was seen in 8 children,pain in 8 children,claudication in 3 children and ischemic skin ulcer in one child.Cho Ⅲ b type was observed in 10 children and Cho Ⅱ type in one child;Yakes Ⅳ type was found in 10 children and Ⅱa type in one child.A total of 30 PEE procedures were performed,with an average of 2.7 times per case.The children were followed up for 6-48 months,with a mean of 24 months.Evaluation of curative effect showed that complete cure was achieved in 7 children and partial remission in 3 children,the effective rate was 90.9％.Treatment failure (showing no remission) was seen in one child,and no deterioration of disease was observed.Complications included transient blood oxygen decrease in operation (n=1),toe ischemia (n=1),postoperativeblister (n=1) and local skin ulcer (n=l),no severe complications were observed.Conclusion PEE is a safe and effective treatment for arteriovenous malformation of foot in children.

Objective To explore the effect and safty of interventional embolization of congenital arteriovenous fistula (CAVF) in the common femoral profounda artery in children.Methods Eight children (aged 6 to 14 years ;6 males and 2 females) with CAVF underwent interventional embolization From January 2006 and December 2010.Color Doppler sonography and DSA were performed on all patients.Arterial duplex imaging revealed the arteriovenous fistula in the common femoral profounda artery and DSA further confirmed the presence of an AVF over the common femoral profounda artery via the other vein.All children were treated with interventional embolization therapy by the injection ofcoils or ethanol through a microcather.It was necessary to performed repeated interventional embolization if the lesion was not obliterated in 4 weeks.All patients were followed-up from 6 months to 2 years and the clinical symptoms were observed.Results Arteriograpy can clearly demonstrate the femoral profounda artery and its branches as well as the fistula.Ten interventional embolization procedures were performed.Forty seven coils were deployedduring the procedure and seven ethanol embolization procedures were performed.Post-procedural angiography revealed complete occlusion in 8 patients.No major complications such as ectopic coil embolization,tissue necrosis,peripheral nerve palsy or cardio-pulmonary collapse were found.The abnormal AVFs were embolized completely in 7 cases after only one therapy and there was no recurrent disease in the 6 months to 2 years follow-up.Some tiny AVFs were still found in another case which underwent three additional treatments.However,the clinical symptoms were under control.Conclusion Interventional embolization is a safe and effective therapeutic method for CAVF of the common femoral profounda artery in children and it might become the primary treatment option.

Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of interventional sclerotherapy for intraorbital venous malformation in children. Methods A retrospective analysis of 12 cases with intraorbital venous malformation from March 2007 to July 2013 in our department was made. Twelve lesions including 7 in left eyes and 5 in right eyes were evaluated. Three patients had surgical resection before interventional treatment. Sclerosing agent such as sclerosant foam or pingyangmycin was injected into the lesions guided by DSA. Interventional sclerotherapy was performed once every month until no blood return was observed. Then MRI was used to detect the lesions 1 month after operation. If there were residual lesions in MRI images, then repeat treatment was performed. Postoperative observation included patients' general situation and adverse reactions of eye after each treatment. Results Interventional sclerotherapy were performed to all patients for a total of 42 times (mean time 3.5 ± 1.0 per patient). After a follow?up of 24months, 7 cases were cured, 3 cases improved significantly and 2 cases with partial remission. Postoperative adverse reactions: transient exophthalmos in 39 case?times , peri?orbital and maxillofacial tissue swelling in 32 case?times. No severe complications were observed. Conclusion Interventional sclerotherapy is an easy, safe and effective method for treatment of intraorbital venous malformation.

Objective: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of foam sclerotherapy with polidocanol for the treatment of venous malformation in the oropharynx. Methods: The clinical data of 21 children with venous malformation in the oropharynx treated by foam sclerotherapy were retrospectively analyzed. There were 10 males and 11 females, ranging in age from 1 month to 13 years, with a median age of 2.3 years. MRI was performed in all children, and the diagnosis was further confirmed by radiography. After general anesthesia, the oropharynx was exposed by opening device. Scalp acupuncture was used to pucture lesions and polidocanol foam was injected after the nidus was confirmed by digital subtraction angiography(DSA). The follow-up time ranged from 2-29 months, with a mean time of 15 months. The clinical symptoms, imaging data, therapeutic effects and postoperative complications were evaluated. Results: Total numbers of treatment were 52 times, 1-6 times/case; 13 cases were cured, 7 cases was relieved and no response in one case. Postoperative swelling in 13 cases, fever in 3 cases, local mucosal ulcer in 2 cases, difficult extubation in 2 cases. No nerve injury, swallowing function damage and cardiopulmonary accidents were found in all patients. Conclusion Foam sclerotherapy with polidocanol in the treatment of venous malformation in the oropharynx is a safe and effective method.