Synuclein-γ (SNCG) is overexpressed in many advanced stages cancers, including breast cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, lung cancer, liver cancer, esophagus cancer, and colon cancer.SNCG stimulates the proliferation, metastasis, and drug resistance of tumor cells, through interacting with BubR1 and damage mitotic checkpoint. A peptic ANK targeted at SNCG can inhibit activity of SNCG and may be developed as an adjuvant therapy.

Bladder cancer is a malignant tumor of the urinary system with the highest and still increasing incidence rate in China in recent years. While most patients with a diagnosis of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) have a good prognosis, NMIBC is prone to relapse and progress to muscular invasive cancer (MIBC) after treatment, leading to a poor prognosis. At present, diagnosis and postoperative follow-up of bladder cancer still rely on invasive cystoscopy, and there is a lack of effective treatment for advanced tumors. The results show that methylation, as a chemical modification of DNA, is related to the occurrence and development of bladder cancers. This article reviews the research progress of bladder cancer DNA methylation in diagnosis, monitoring and treatment in recent years.

Objective To probe into the clinical and urodynamic features of primary bladder neck obstruction(PBNO) in females. Methods A retrospective analysis was made with comprehensive urodynamic evaluation in 61 cases with PBNO and 32 cases with genuine stress incontinence. Results According to the modified phentolamine UPP tests,there were 41 cases of internal sphincter spasticity(ISS)and 20 cases of bladder neck obstruction(BNO).The success rate of P Q plot analysis in the ISS group was lower than those of BNO and the control(49%vs 80% and 81%).94% of both ISS and BNO patients had a Lin PURR grading of ≥grade Ⅱ,whereas 99% of the control group were of grade 0 of I.There were a significant difference in such parameters as PVB,A G number(Pdet Qmax -2Qmax),post voiding residual,and maximum urethral closure pressure between the obstructed groups and nonobstructed group. Conclusions The meaningful diagnostic parameters for PBNO are Lin PURR grading(≥grade Ⅱ),PVB and A G number.The modified phentolamine UPP test is a reliable index for the assessment of internal sphincter sphincter functional obstruction.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the efficiency of reversed vesical muco-muscular flap in the treatment of vesicoureteral reflux.MethodsFrom 1999 to 2000,a new anti-reflux operation was performed for 4 cases of vesicoureteral reflux (one with grade Ⅲ and three with grade Ⅳ) using reversed vesical muco-muscular flap.The vesicoureteral reflux was primary in 2 patients and secondary to ureteromeatotomy for the management of intramural ureteral calculi in the other 2.ResultsAll the 4 patients were successfully treated with this new technique.2 patients exhibited bladder irritation and spasm after operation,which were palliated in one month and vanished in three months.The lumbodynia and distending pain vanished during the follow-up (mean 22 months). Intravenous urography revealed normal renal function of the involved kidney.Hydronephrosis and ureteric dilatation were cured in 3 patients and significantly improved in 1.Voiding cystography demonstrated no reflux.The reconstructed ureteral orifice was labiate under cystoscopic view.ConclusionsThe anti-reflux operation is simple,convenient and effective in the treatment of vesicoureteral reflux.The postoperative bladder irritation is transient and shortcoming.

ObjectiveTo study the clinical features of primary renal lymphoma.MethodsThe clinical,radiological features,treatment and prognosis of 3 cases of primary renal lymphoma are presented and discussed.ResultsSurgical intervention was carried out in 2 cases,and radiotherapy and chemotherapy were undertaken postoperatively.The other case was treated with chemotherapy alone.One patients survived more than 2 years and 2 more than 1 year.ConclusionsRadiological features are similar to those of renal cell carcinoma. Those with a preoperative diagnosis of primary renal lymphoma should be treated with chemotherapy with or without radiotherapy depending on the histological status,stage and volume of the tumor.

Objective To sum up the imaging features of tuberous sclerosis.Methods CT and MRI findings of brain in 20 patients with tuberous sclerosis proved by clinic,imaging or pathology were retrospectively studied. Results Among 20 cases,on CT,the lesions appeared as subependymal calcified noduli in 16 cases (multiple noduli in 14 cases and single nodule in 2) and subependymal uncalcified noduli in 2,the noduli were 2~12 mm in diameter,2 cases were normal.On MRI,the subependymal noduli were multiple in 19 cases and single in one case,the noduli were iso-or hypointensity on T1WI and iso-,hypo or hyperintensity on T2WI.In addition,the lesions within cortical or sub-cortical matter were demonstrated by MRI in 19 cases,and the abnormal signals were showed in local patterns of cortical tubers.The abnormal findings of white matter were radial linear or wedge-shaped or irregular type in 7 cases.The subependymal noduli were enhanced,and the most of cortical lesions were not enhanced after contrast-enhanced MR scans in 9 cases.Conclusion There are characteristic findings of tuberous sclerosis both on CT and MRI.

Objective To evaluate Ho:YAG laser in the treatment of superficial bladder tumors. Methods 30 patients with superficial bladder tumors underwent endoscopic holmium laser resection with postoperative intravesical instillation therapy.There were 25 male patients and 5 famale with an average age of 54.The growth has been single in 15 and multiple in 15.The diameter of the tumor was 0.2～3.5 cm with the pathology grade G 1～G 2 and clinical stage T 1～T 2. Results The procedure has been successful in all and cold cup biopsies of the tumor base and incisal margin were negative.The mean resection time was 18 minutes,the mean volume of bleeding was less than 15 ml and no intraoperative bladder perforation or secondary hemorrhage occurred.All patients have been followed up for 3 to 14 months with a mean of 7.5 months.One patient (3%) had out-of-field recurrence. Conclusions Ho:YAG laser resection of bladder tumor (HoLRBt) provides an useful clinical therapeutic method that has the advantages of precise resection,simple technique,as well as no serious intraoperative or delayed complications.

Objective To highlight diagnosis and treatment of primary fibroepithelial polyp of ureter. Methods 7 cases of primary fibroepithelial polyp of ureter treated from May of 1990 to July of 2002 were analyzed retrospectively.Among them ,18～56 age of year,and right side in 5 cases,left in 2 cases.The foci are in upper,middle and lower part 2,3,2 cases respectively.The diagnosis was all ascertained on pathological studies. Results Hematuria and flank pain are the usual presentation.Preoperative image will reveal the lesion but the diagnosis of fibroepithelial polyp cannot be made by radiographic means alone.Surgical intervention was undertaken in all 7 cases.The initial case has undergone unnecessary nephroureterectomy as misdiagnosis of carcinoma of ureter.Surgical exploration and polypectomy was performed in 4 cases and polypectomy with holimlaser under ureteroscopy in 2 cases.The therapeutic results were satisfactory without relapse in 3 months～11 years follow up. Conclusions The diagnosis may be established with intravenous urogram and retrograde pyelography and surgical exploration may be performed when necessary.With the advent of ureteroscopy, a new minimally invasive approach to fibroepithelial polyp of ureter was introduced.

0.05).The urethral catheter was indwelled for a mean of 2.5 days(2-4 days).Follow-up examinations were conducted for 5-24 months(mean,17 months).At the first postoperative month,the IPSS and maximum urinary flow were 6.7?2.4 and 16.3?6.1 ml/s,respectively,both of which were significantly improved as compared with preoperative values(t=8.975 and 7.325,P

Objective To present the clinical outcomes of 11 patients who underwent radical prostatectomy for incidental prostate cancer in transurethral resection. Methods From July 1995 to January 2001, we performed radical retropubic prostatectomy on 11 patients with incidental prostate carcinoma by TURP (clinical stage T 1a or T 1b ). Results There was no death or serious morbidity during the operation. Median operative blood loss was 650 ml. During the follow up (range 2～7.5 years,mean 4.5 years),all patients remained disease free,except for one who lost follow up.After nerve sparing potency was preserved in 4 of 7 sex active men,most returning patients got recovered by 1 year.Anastomotic stricture and complete incontinence occurred in 2 and 1 patient,respectively. Conclusions Radical prostatectomy may be performed safely with an acceptable morbidity rate following transurethral resection for benign prostatic hyperplasia.Prior transurethral resection will make the operation difficult during the radical prostatectomy.Furthermore,it is possibly associated with more long term complications,such as anastomotic stricture and impotence.The radical surgery should not be deferred more than 1 month after TURP.