Synuclein-γ (SNCG) is overexpressed in many advanced stages cancers, including breast cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, lung cancer, liver cancer, esophagus cancer, and colon cancer.SNCG stimulates the proliferation, metastasis, and drug resistance of tumor cells, through interacting with BubR1 and damage mitotic checkpoint. A peptic ANK targeted at SNCG can inhibit activity of SNCG and may be developed as an adjuvant therapy.

Objective To sum up the imaging features of tuberous sclerosis.Methods CT and MRI findings of brain in 20 patients with tuberous sclerosis proved by clinic,imaging or pathology were retrospectively studied. Results Among 20 cases,on CT,the lesions appeared as subependymal calcified noduli in 16 cases (multiple noduli in 14 cases and single nodule in 2) and subependymal uncalcified noduli in 2,the noduli were 2~12 mm in diameter,2 cases were normal.On MRI,the subependymal noduli were multiple in 19 cases and single in one case,the noduli were iso-or hypointensity on T1WI and iso-,hypo or hyperintensity on T2WI.In addition,the lesions within cortical or sub-cortical matter were demonstrated by MRI in 19 cases,and the abnormal signals were showed in local patterns of cortical tubers.The abnormal findings of white matter were radial linear or wedge-shaped or irregular type in 7 cases.The subependymal noduli were enhanced,and the most of cortical lesions were not enhanced after contrast-enhanced MR scans in 9 cases.Conclusion There are characteristic findings of tuberous sclerosis both on CT and MRI.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the role of perfusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging ( PWMRI ) in distinguishing brain glioma recurrence for postoperative radiotherapy patients.Methods Thirty-five patients with suggested recurrent brain glioma (20 true,15 false) were examined by conventional MRI and PWMRI.Regions of interests (ROI) were manually drawn in contrast-enhancing lesion,surround edema region and normal white matter of contra-lateral brain on regional cerebral blood volume (rCBV) images.rCBV values of ROI and rCBVmax were measured,the standardized rCBV ratios were calculated,The mean rCBVmax ratio were compared between two lesion types with group t-test.The rCBVmax ratios of contrastenhancing regions was analyzed by the receiver operating characteristic curve.ResultsThe mean rCBVmax ratio of contrast-enhancing lesion in tumor recurrence was higher than those in non tumor recurrence (4.36vs 1.28,t =3.00,P =0.005 ).The mean rCBVmax of edema regions in tumor recurrence was also higher than those in non tumor recurrence ( 1.79 vs 0.85,t =2.41,P =0.026).Four patients with recurrent tumor and three with non tumor recurrence were wrong diagnosed when set the recurrent tumor rCBVmax ratio ＞2.15.The diagnostic sensitivity,specificity and accuracy for recurrent tumor by PWMRI were 80％respectively.Conclusion PWMRI examination is a useful method for distinguishing brain glioma recurrence.

Objective To investigate the etiology and treatment of severe infection after ureteroscopic holmium laser lithotripsy. Methods Seven cases (2 men and 5 women) of severe infection after holmium laser lithotripsy under ureteroscope were treated.Their mean age was 44 years (range,37-56 years). The patients were characterized by a temperature over 39 ℃,a heart rate over 110 BPM,and a blood pressure below 80/50 mm Hg (1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa) within 1-12 hours after the operation.The diagnosis of septic shock caused by gram negative bacteria was suggested by the clinical manifestation and the urine culture. Anti-shock therapy was conducted with rapid supplement of colloidal and crystalloid solution of 3000-4000 ml.The vasoactive drugs,dopamine (2-5 ?g/kg per minute) or norepinephrine (4-8 ?g/kg per minute) were used for the establishment of stable circulation,and the third generation cephalosporins for the control of infection empirically.Low dose corticosteroids (dexamethasone,10-20 mg) were administered if the patients had adrenocortical insufficiency or significant intoxication. Results All patients were treated successfully within 8 to 48 hours,then the hypertensors were gradually stopped.Their temperature and blood routine tests returned to normal 3 days later.. Conclusions The causes of severe infection after holmium laser lithotripsy under ureteroscope are preoperative urinary tract infection,high perfusion pressure or postoperative urinary tract obstruction.Peri operative anti infection and appropriate operation skill can effectively prevent the infection.

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) forupper ureterie calculi or renal calculi without keeping nephrostomy drainage. Methods A total of240 patients with upper ureteric calculi or renal calculi undergoing PCNL were selected and randomizedto receive no nephrostomy drainage (Group A,120 patients) or a standard (14 F) nephrostomy drain age (Group B,120 patients) after lithotripsy was finished. Inclusion criteria included no urinary infec tion history,one stage operation,single percutaneona tract,no operative bleeding and no need for see ond percutaneous operation. The pain score,the number of patients requiring postoperative analgesiaand the incidence of urine leakage as well as postoperative hospital stay time of the 2 groups were not ed and compared. Results Compared with Group B,patients in Group A got lower pain scores at6 h,1 d and 2 d after the operation (4.2±1.5,2.1±1.6 and 1.2±1.0 vs 5.5±2.4,3.9±1.5 and2.5±1.5,respectively,P<0.01),with fewer patients requiring postoperative analgesia (15.0% vs26.7%,P<0.05),lower incidence of urine leakage (2.5% vs 23.3%,P<0.01) and shorter postop erative hospital stay (1.7±0.6 dvs 3.1±1.1d,P<0.01). Conclusion For selected patients,takeaway nephrostomy drainage right after PCNL could be considered as an effective method to get lesspostoperative pain,lighter economic burden and shorter recovery time.

Aim To explore the relationship between Snail and P-gp in breast cancer cell,and to reveal the effect of epithelial-mesenchymal transformation(EMT)on the multidrug-resistance(MDR)of breast cancer cell.Methods The eukaryotic expression vector pCDNA3.1-Snail was constructed, and then transfected into human breast cancer cell line MCF-7 to constuct MCF-7/Snail.Both cell lines MCF-7 and MCF-7/Snail were induced by adriamycin(ADM).Cell cytotoxicity assay and ADM efflux assay were used to measure the ability of drug resistance.The positive rate of P-gp of the two cell lines was detected by flow cytometry;the mRNA of MDR1 and Snail was evaluated by real-time PCR.Results MCF-7,the expression of MDR1 mRNA and Snail mRNA in MCF-7/Snail cell lines significantly increased;the expression of P-gp was increased too;the RR increased to 109.2;fluorescence intensity intracellular was reduced to 7.1.Conclusion After transfected the eukaryotic expression vector,the capacity of MCF-7/Snail strongly increases compared with that of MCF-7.

Objective To explore the relationship between stone formation and histopathological characters of renal papilla in patients with infectious renal calculi. Methods A total of 43 patients with infectious renal calculi undergoing percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) were included in this study. Renal papilla biopsy specimens were obtained under a nephroscope during the operation, fol-lowed by staining with hematoxylin-eosin or alizarin bordeaux for light microscopy and electron mi-croscopy. The extracted stones were analyzed and proved to be composed of magnesium ammonium phosphate or carbonate apatite with a transform-infrared spectrometer. Results Renal papilla calci-um plaques were found in 24 of the 43 patients (56 % ) during PCNL. Local calcium salt deposits could be found localized in the renal tubular basement membrane and spread to the interstitial tissue. Tiny stone adherence was observed in the renal papillae where calcium salts grew into the collection system. Conclusion Calcium salt deposits exist on the renal papilla in some patients with infectious renal calculi, which may be correlated with the formation of infectious stones.

Objective To evaluate the toxic effects of oxalic acid and calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals on human renal tubular epithelial cells (HK-2) as well as the influence on cell protein expression. Methods Normal HK-2 cells were cultured in vitro and the culture medium was changed to serum-free medium after cell growth to confluence. Oxalic acid with different concentration wasthen added and the formation of crystals and their adherence to cells were observed microscopically. A Fourier infrared spectrometer (FT-IR) was used to analyze the crystal composition. The toxic effects of 1, 2, 5 and 10 mmol/L oxalic acid on HK-2 cells after incubation for 4, 12 and 24 h were detected with a CCK-8 kit. Changes of protein express of HK-2 cells were determined using the Bradford method. Results Crystal formation and adherence to cell surface could be microscopically observed in a few minutes after oxalic acid was added to the DMED medium containing Caz+. The composition of the crystals was revealed to be calcium oxalate monohydrate by FT-IR. Oxalic acid and calcium oxalate monohydrate presented a concentration-dependent toxic effect on HK-2 cells which was, however, not merely increased with time lasting. The quantity of protein expressed by HK-2 cells incubated with 1,2, 5 mmol/L oxalic acid for 12 h and that of control was 358±51, 365±43, 328±52 and 329±60 mg/L, respectively (all P>0. 05), while the quantity of protein was significantly smaller than that of control after the incubation of 10 mmol/L oxalic acid for 12 h (264±76 vs 329±60 mg/L,P<0. 05).Conclusion Oxalic acid and calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals have toxic effects on normal human HK-2 cells and cause changes in protein expression,which may play an important role in the formation of renal calculi.

Objective To summarize the surgical experience and primary follow-up results for robotic assisted radical cystectomy ( RARC ) , as well as to evaluate the safety and feasibility of this procedure.Methods From Jan 2013 to Oct 2015, we retrospectively analysis the perioperative data and primary follow-up data from 35 patients who underwent radical cystectomy with Da VinCi robotic laparoscopic in urological institution of Changhai Hospital.The median age was 65 (ranging from 46 to 78) years.The amount of male cases were 34, the female case were 1.There were three kinds of urinary diversion, ureterocutaneostomy, Bricker operation and orthotopic neobladder, were 2, 26 and 7 respectively.We collected the parameters including operating time, estimated blood loss, blood transfusion volume, time to flatus,length of hospital stay,perioperative complication,time of recurrence,time of death and the reason of death.Results All of the related operations had been accomplished successfully, none of which had been converted to the open procedure.The estimated operating time of ureterostomy was (315.0 ±106.1) min, Ideal conduit was ( 443.2 ±93.2 ) min, Orthotopic bladder was ( 488.3 ±80.6 ) min.The estimated intraoperative blood loss was 260.0 ±108.6(100 to 500 )ml.5 cases of all patients were transfused 400ml red cell suspension, the transfusion rate was 14.2%.The mean time to flatus was 3.1 ±1.6(1 to 7) d.The estimated time to remove the gastric tube and the drainage tube was 4.2 ±2.2d(2-10d),10.8 ±5.1d(4-25d),respectively.The length of hospital stay after surgery was 12.4 ±5.17(6 to 25) d.Overall,17,8, 10,31 and 4 of these patients had

Objective To evaluate the feasibility and outcomes of robotic-assisted laparoscopic pyeloplasty in children .Methods A retrospective study was performed in patients who underwent robotic-assisted laparoscopic pyeloplasty ( Anderson-Hynes ) at our institution between January 2014 to August 2014.Totally 6 boys were diagnosed as left ureteropelvic junction obstruction depending on the symptoms and radiographic studies .The mean age was 9 years ( range 4 -12 years ) .Results The procedure was performed successfully without conversion to open surgery in all of the cases .Mean operative time was 216 min (range 175-269 min), with a mean robotic anastomosis time of 45 min (range 30-60 min).Mean estimated blood loss was less than 15 ml.The mean hospitalization was 4.5 days.Mean follow-up period was 10 months ( range 7 -14 months ) .There were no perioperative complications , and recovery was uncomplicated (without recurrence, pyelonephritis, nephrarctia) in all of the patients.Conclusion Robotic-assisted laparoscopic pyeloplasty can be safely performed in children older than 4-year-old with ureteropelvic junction obstruction .