With the development of the genomic sequencing of human commensal microbiome and bioinformatics, the role of esophageal microbiome in the pathogenesis of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), Barrett's esophagus (BE), esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC), and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) has been attracted much attention. Esophageal microbiome are relatively stable, but changes such as age, diet, use of drugs, oral hygiene, smoking, etc. can break the balance between esophageal microbiome and host immunity, and lead to persistent dysbacteriosis, increasing the risk of local inflammation and systemic inflammation and ultimately lead to the progression of many diseases. This article reviewed the progress in study on relationship between microbiome dysbiosis and pathogenesis of esophageal diseases.

Objective To assess the value of confocal laser endomieroscopy (CLE) in diagnosis of early esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and precancerous lesions. Methods CLE examination was performed in 41 patients who needed further examination because of lesions in esophagus during July 2008 to April 2009. The diagnosis was made based on the features of esophageal squamous cells which was defined as low grade intraepithelial neoplasia(LGIN), high grade intraepithelial neoplasia (HGIN) and early esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (EC). Biopsy specimens were taken precisely matched to the CLE imaging sites. The result was compared with that of histopathology. Results There were 7281 eonfocal images obtained from 60 target lesions in 41 patients. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of CLE were 75.0%, 88.6% and 85.0% in diagnosis of LGIN, respectively, 85.7% ,92.3% and 90.0% in diagnosis of HGIN, respectively,and 88.9% ,96.1% and 95.0%, in diagnosis of EC,respectively. Conclusions It is an effective method for diagnosis of esophageal neoplastic lesions using CLE, which has high accuracy in diagnosis of HGIN and early esophageal cancer.

Background: Chronic functional constipation is a common functional gastrointestinal disorder, and the effects of traditional therapeutic drugs are suboptimal. Prucalopride is a novel 5-HT