OBJECTIVETo evaluate the effect of chemical compounds extracted from Galla chinensis on enamel surface rehardening in vitro.

METHODSSixty bovine enamel blocks with early carious lesions were randomly divided into six groups: group1 treated NaF (positive control); group2 with GCE; group3 with GCE-B; group4 with GCE-B1; group5 with GCE-B2 and group6 with deionized water (negative control). The lesions were subjected to a pH-cycling regime for 12 days. Surface enamel microhardness was measured on the enamel blocks before and after demineralization. After pH-cycling, and the percentage of surface microhardness recovery (SMHR) was calculated.

RESULTSObvious increase of the surface hardness of the enamel was observed in all the treatments except GCE-B2 and deionized water (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONSThe present study demonstrates the potential of the three GCEs (GCE, GCE-B and GCE-B1) to effect net rehardening of artificial carious lesions under dynamic pH-cyclic conditions.

Animals ; Cattle ; Dental Caries ; drug therapy ; Dental Enamel ; drug effects ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacology ; Gallic Acid ; pharmacology ; In Vitro Techniques ; Tooth Remineralization

Objective The study aims to investigate the prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) among pregnant women in Tongzhou district of Beijing and its related risk factors. Methods Information of 34 637 singleton pregnancies delivered in a maternal and child health care hospital in Tongzhou district of Beijing were collected from January 1, 2013 to December 31, 2017. GDM prevalence of pregnant women were calculated. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the association between GDM and its related factors. Results The prevalence of GDM in 34 637 singleton pregnant women in Tongzhou district of Beijing was 23.2% (8 034/34 637). Multivariate analysis showed that advanced maternal age(aOR=1.87, 95% CI: 1.71-2.05), high level of education(aOR=1.19-1.23), delivering during 2016-2017(aOR=1.46, 95% CI: 1.38-1.55), macrosomia(aOR=1.27, 95% CI: 1.02-1.59), history of cesarean section(aOR=1.18, 95% CI: 1.08-1.30), history of spontaneous abortion(aOR=1.23, 95% CI:1.10-1.37), history of induced abortion(aOR=1.08, 95% CI:1.01-1.14), family history of diabetes(aOR=1.51, 95% CI:1.26-1.83), multipara(aOR=1.24, 95% CI:1.15-1.34), pre-pregnancy overweight(aOR=2.02, 95% CI:1.89-2.15), pre-pregnancy obesity(aOR=3.11, 95% CI:2.81-3.43)and conceived by assisted reproductive technology(aOR=1.47, 95% CI:1.03-2.10)were the independent risk factors for GDM. Conclusions Prevalence of GDM is high in pregnant women in Tongzhou district of Beijing. Health education before and during pregnancy should be carried out to monitor and prevent the occurrence of GDM in time to ensure maternal and child health.

China ; epidemiology ; Humans ; Lung Neoplasms ; epidemiology ; genetics ; Risk ; Smoking

OBJECTIVETo assess the value of positron emission tomography (PET) with (11)C-choline (CH), (11)C-methionine (MET), (18)F-fluorothymidine (FLT), and (11)C-acetate (AC) in diagnosis of pulmonary abnormalities and the features of pulmonary abnormalities in PET.

METHODSFrom June 2002 to June 2007, 100 patients with pulmonary nodules or masses confirmed by CT scans received PET with special tracers. Fifty-eight patients received CH-PET, 16 patients received MET-PET, 22 patients received FLT-PET, 4 patients received AC-PET. PET data was analyzed by visual method and semiquantitative method with standard uptake value (SUV). Diagnoses were compared with pathology and follow-up survey.

RESULTSFor identification of pulmonary neoplasms with CH-PET, the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy were 84.2% (32/38), 57.9% (11/19) and 75.4% (43/57). In cancer cases, SUV had no correlation with tumor size or age. For identification of pulmonary neoplasms with MET-PET, the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy were 6/7, 6/9 and 75.0% (12/16). In cancer cases, SUV had not correlation with tumor size or age. For identification of pulmonary neoplasms with FLT-PET, the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy were 85.7% (12/14), 2/8 and 63.6% (14/22). In cancer cases, SUV had not correlation with tumor size or age. In AC-PET, only 1 case of pulmonary metastasis of kidney clear cell carcinoma showed acetate avid. Two squamous cell carcinoma and 1 adenocarcinoma didn't appear abnormal in AC-PET.

CONCLUSIONCH, MET, FLT, AC are valuable in diagnosing but also lead to false positive and false negative.

Choline ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Dideoxynucleosides ; Female ; Humans ; Iodoacetates ; Lung Diseases ; diagnostic imaging ; Male ; Methionine ; Positron-Emission Tomography ; methods ; Sensitivity and Specificity

Objective To compare the image quality of chest low dose CT (LDCT) using automatic exposure control (AEC) and constant current control (CCC) and explore a more reasonable scanning protocol. Methods Two hundred and eighty participants were examined with 64 CT scanner at 7 centers in China. All were divided into 4 groups. Two groups underwent LDCT using AEC with standard deviation set at 25 (A1) and 30 (A2) respectively and the tube current ranged from 10 mA to 80 mA. The other two groups underwent LDCT using CCC with tube current set at 40 mA (C1) and 50 mA (C2) respectively. The axial and MPR images were evaluated by two radiologists who were blinded to the scanning protocols.The radiation dose, noise and the image quality of the 4 groups were compared and analyzed statistically.Differences of radiation dose and noise among groups were determined with variance analysis and t test,image quality with Mann-Whitney test and the consistency of diagnosis with Kappa test. Results There was a significant lower DLP in AEC group than in CCC group [(82.62±40.31)vs ( 110.81±18.21) mGy·cm (F =56. 88 ,P ＜ 0. 01 )], whereas no significant difference was observed between group A2 and group A1 0. 05]. The noisy of AEC group was higher than that of CCC group both on lung window(41.50±9.58 vs 40.86±7.03) and mediastinum window (41.19±7.83 vs 40.92±9.89), but there was no significant difference( Flung =0.835, P=0.476, Fmediastinum =1.910, P=0.128).The quality score of axial image in AEC group was higher than that in CCC group (superior margin of the brachiocephalic vein level: 4.49±0.56 vs4.38±0.64,superior margin of the aortic arch: 4.86±0.23 vs 4.81±0.32,the right superior lobar bronchus Level:4.87±0.27 vs 4. 84 ± 0. 22, the right middle lobar bronchus Level: 4.90±0.25 vs 4.88±0.21) except on the right inferior pulmonary vein level(4. 92 ±0. 25 vs 4. 93 ±0. 17) and superior margin of the left diaphragmatic dome level (4. 91±0.27 vs 4.93±0.22) on lung window, but no significant differences (F=0.076-1.748, P＞0.05) were observed. A significant higher score in AEC group was observed on mediastinum window compared with CCC group on superior margin of brachiocephalic vein level (2.57±0.77 vs 2. 46 ± 0. 59, F = 8. 459, P ＜ 0. 05 ), however, the score of AEC group was lower than that of CCC group on other levels without significant differences (superior margin of the aortic arch:3.36 ±0. 63 vs 3.45 ±0. 60,the right superior lobar bronchus level: 3.94 ±0. 56 vs 3. 95 ±0. 51 ,the right middle lobar bronchus Level: 3.80 ±0. 58 vs 3. 87 ±0. 50,the right inferior pulmonary vein level: 3.72 ±0. 56 vs 3.78 ±0. 53, superior margin of the left diaphragmatic dome level: 3.58 ± 0.63 vs 3.68±0.56,F=0.083-3.380,P ＞ 0.05 ). The MPR image quality of AEC group was better than that of CCC group both on lung window and mediastinum window (Zlung =-2.258, Zmedlastinum=-1.330, P＞0.05). For all participants including the underweighted group, the normal group and the overweighted group, the image quality of A1 group was better than that of A2 group without significant differences (the underweighted group: Zlung=0.000, P=1.000, Zmedastinum= 0.000, P=1.000;the normal group: Zlung =-0.062, P=0.950, Zmediastinum =-0.746, P = 0.456; the overweighted group: Zlung = - 1.177, P = 0.239,Zmediastinum =-1.715, P=0.144) both on lung and mediastinum windows, and for the higher BMI participants, a better image quality was obtained in A1 group than in A2 group on the mediastinum window (Z = -1. 715, P = 0. 144). Conclusions The total radiation exposure dose of AEC group is significantly lower than that of CCC group, but no statistical significant differences are observed between both groups in image quality and noise level. The AEC technique is highly recommended in thoracic LDCT scan for screening program, and the SD25 ( SD value = 25) scan protocol is suggested for higher BMI population while the SD30 (SD value = 30) scan protocol for lower BMI population.

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the association between two single nucleotide polymorphisms located in the promoter of transforming growth factor-β1 receptor 2 (TGFBR2) gene and hypertension in Han Chinese population.

METHODSThe subjects were recruited from the population of cluster sampling survey for essential hypertension (EH) in two townships of Yixing city, Jiangsu province in 2009. Overall, 2012 patients with hypertension and 2116 age (± 2 years) and sex-matched unrelated controls were selected. Epidemiological data, physical measurements results and serum glucose and lipid biomarker were collected and detected. Linkage disequilibrium (LD) analysis were applied and two tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (tagSNP) in 5' upstream of TGFBR2 gene (rs6785358, -3779A/G; rs764522, -1444C/G) were selected for genotyping and analyzing for the association with hypertension.

RESULTSThe frequencies of AA, AG, GG in case and control of rs6785358 were 1455 (72.3%), 517 (25.7%), 40 (2.0%) and 1582 (74.8%), 490 (23.2%), 43 (2.0%) respectively, and CC, CG, GG of rs764522 were 1524 (75.7%), 464 (23.1%), 24 (1.2%) and 1654 (78.2%), 436 (20.6%), 26 (1.2%) respectively. SNP rs764522 was significantly associated with EH and OR (95%CI) were 1.17 (1.01 - 1.36) (P < 0.05) in dominant model after adjustment for confounding factors such as age, sex, glucose, lipids, smoking and alcohol drinking. Further stratification analysis by age, sex, smoking and alcohol drinking indicated that individuals carrying G allele (CG/GG genotype) of SNP rs764522 had higher susceptibility to EH than CC genotype (OR = 1.21, 95%CI: 1.01 - 1.45) (P < 0.05) in ≥ 55 years group. No statistical significance was detected in the distribution of genotypes and allele frequencies for SNP rs6785358 between cases and controls (P > 0.05). Haplotype analysis showed that no significant frequency difference of haplotype structured by rs6785358 and rs764522 was found between cases and controls (P > 0.05), and no significant blood pressure change was found between genotype variations of rs6785358 and rs764522 (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONSNP rs764522 of TGFBR2 gene is associated with increased risk of EH in elderly Han Chinese population.

Aged ; Female ; Gene Frequency ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Genotype ; Haplotypes ; Humans ; Hypertension ; epidemiology ; genetics ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases ; genetics ; Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta ; genetics

Objective:To construct a prediction model for the clinical supply of blood components in Xi′an City from 2023 to 2025.Methods:Based on the blood supply data of the Blood Management Information System of Shaanxi Provincial Blood Center from January 2013 to December 2022, a gray prediction model and an exponential curve fitting model were used to construct the prediction model, and the optimal prediction model was determined according to the error parameters of the relevant indicators of the model. The supply of blood components in Xi′an from 2023 to 2025 was predicted.Results:The fitting equations of the exponential curve fitting model to predict the supply of suspended red blood cells, platelets and cryoprecipitate in Xi′an were, x（1）（ t+1）=1.16e 0.04t， x（1）（ t+1）=1.04e 0.12t and x（1）（ t+1）=1.01e 1.10t, respectively. The mean absolute errors (mean relative errors) of the exponential curve fitting model in predicting the supply of suspended red blood cells, platelets and cryoprecipitate in Xi′an were 10 488.7 (0.05%), 2 114.9 (0.08%) and 3 089.6 (0.07%), respectively, which were lower than those of the gray prediction model, about 10 488.7 (3.44%), 2 152.78 (8.20%) and 3 441.35 (7.92%), respectively. The exponential curve fitting model predicted that the clinical supply of blood components in Xi′an would increase year by year from 2023 to 2025, and the clinical supply of suspended red blood cells, platelets, and cryoprecipitate in Xi′an would increase to 409 467 U, 69 818 therapeutic volume and 94 724 U, respectively by 2025. Conclusion:The exponential curve fitting model can make a good prediction of the clinical supply of blood components in Xi′an City.

Objective:To construct a prediction model for the clinical supply of blood components in Xi′an City from 2023 to 2025.Methods:Based on the blood supply data of the Blood Management Information System of Shaanxi Provincial Blood Center from January 2013 to December 2022, a gray prediction model and an exponential curve fitting model were used to construct the prediction model, and the optimal prediction model was determined according to the error parameters of the relevant indicators of the model. The supply of blood components in Xi′an from 2023 to 2025 was predicted.Results:The fitting equations of the exponential curve fitting model to predict the supply of suspended red blood cells, platelets and cryoprecipitate in Xi′an were, x（1）（ t+1）=1.16e 0.04t， x（1）（ t+1）=1.04e 0.12t and x（1）（ t+1）=1.01e 1.10t, respectively. The mean absolute errors (mean relative errors) of the exponential curve fitting model in predicting the supply of suspended red blood cells, platelets and cryoprecipitate in Xi′an were 10 488.7 (0.05%), 2 114.9 (0.08%) and 3 089.6 (0.07%), respectively, which were lower than those of the gray prediction model, about 10 488.7 (3.44%), 2 152.78 (8.20%) and 3 441.35 (7.92%), respectively. The exponential curve fitting model predicted that the clinical supply of blood components in Xi′an would increase year by year from 2023 to 2025, and the clinical supply of suspended red blood cells, platelets, and cryoprecipitate in Xi′an would increase to 409 467 U, 69 818 therapeutic volume and 94 724 U, respectively by 2025. Conclusion:The exponential curve fitting model can make a good prediction of the clinical supply of blood components in Xi′an City.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effect of hypoxia environment induced by altitude on hypoxia inducible factor 1α (HIF1A) gene.

METHODSNine single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci of the HIF1A gene from three Tibetan groups (Tibet, Qinghai Province and Yunnan Province) were genotyped using PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method.

RESULTSFor non-synonymous mutation SNP site, there was no significant difference among the three Tibetan groups, except for SNP rs11549465 between Tibet Tibetan and Yunnan Tibetan, as well as between Qinghai Tibetan and Yunnan Tibetan. Frequencies of genotypes and alleles in rs4899056, rs1957757, rs10873142 and rs3783752 had significant differences between Tibet Tibetan and Yunnan Tibetan, and between Qinghai Tibetan and Yunnan Tibetan (all P<0.05). We also observed that the difference was negatively correlated with the altitude.

CONCLUSIONThe results suggested that the HIF1A gene might be under hypoxic selection induced by high altitude in the three groups.

Alleles ; Altitude ; Genotype ; Humans ; Hypoxia ; ethnology ; genetics ; Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit ; genetics ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Tibet ; ethnology

OBJECTIVETo study the selection effect of endothelial PAS domain protein 1 (EPAS1) gene induced by high altitude hypoxia environment.

METHODSFourteen single nucleotide polymorphism sites (SNPs) of the EPAS1 gene were genotyped using PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) in three Tibetan groups (58 samples from Tibetan living in an altitude of about 3700 meters above sea level, 47 from Qinghai province, about 3100 meters above sea level, 43 from Yunnan province, about 2500 meters above sea level), and Han of Shandong (47 samples, about 50 meters above sea level).

RESULTSThere were significant differences of most SNP allelic, genotypic and haplotypic frequencies when comparing Han of Shandong, Tibetan of Yunnan with Tibetan of Tibetan and Qinghai. But no difference between Han of Shandong and Tibetan of Yunnan was found.

CONCLUSIONThe EPAS1 gene might be under hypoxic selection induced by high altitude.

Alleles ; Altitude Sickness ; genetics ; Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors ; genetics ; China ; Gene Frequency ; Haplotypes ; Humans ; Hypoxia ; genetics ; Linkage Disequilibrium ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; genetics