When a Jehovah's Witness patient rejects transfusion because of his religious doctrine, the anesthesiologist is required to make an important decision. Each doctor must approach his patient respecting the patient's wishes as much as possible, while still taking into account his own ethical criteria, moral judgement of the patient, and knowledge of medicine. This writer briefly examined the basis of the religious doctrine of a Jehovah's Witness advocate and consulted a scholar of the criminal court about the legal interpretation of the doctor's behavior in our present situation where no detailed judicial precedent was available. I summarized medical solution here by referring to foreign records of medical studies and case reports in the hopes that it may aid in anesthetic management of Jehovah's Witness patients.
Anesthesia/*methods ; *Christianity ; Humans

One of the prominent signs of aging in the midface is deepening and lengthening of the nasolabial folds, which makes people look old and aesthetically unpleasing. There have been many treatment modalities to manage prominent nasolabial folds, but there is no single most effective one yet, because every method has its own efficacy and limitations. In order to select the optimal method to meet the desire of patient, several factors such as the age of the patient, his or her aesthetic needs, other aging stigmata, downtime and even economic status should be considered. In this article, treatment modalities are classified into three categories according to the extent of their invasiveness: minimally invasive, moderately invasive, and most invasive techniques. The purpose of this article is to review various methods currently used to manage prominent nasolabial folds, to describe the anatomic structures relevant to the fold formation and to help surgeons select the appropriate method for prominent folds.
Aging ; Christianity ; Humans ; Nasolabial Fold

PURPOSE: All nurses should provide spiritual care for their clients. It is especially important to care spiritually for cancer patients facing the crisis of life. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to analyze the concept of spirituality which is one of the basic concepts for spiritual care in cancer patients. METHOD: The subjects of this study were 8 cancer patients; 2 Christians,3 Buddhists, and 3 persons who did not have any religion. The data was collected and analyzed by Hybrid Model. RESULT: The results of this study were as follows: Dimensions of spirituality(vertical dimension connected with the absolute being, horizontal dimension related to others, existential dimension related to seeking of meaning), attributes of spirituality(dynamic process strengthened in suffering due to struggle with cancer, connectedness with the absolute being or will and belief in oneself, transcendence of reality, meaning and purpose of life, future oriented), outcomes of spirituality(intrinsic, behavioral). CONCLUSION: The spirituality of cancer patients is manifested differently by his(her) religion, age, past experiences and burden of family, and is able to be strengthened with cancer. Therefore, nurses should recognize that diagnosis and deterioration of cancer is not only a spiritual crisis but can be a good chance for spiritual growth, as well.
Buddhism* ; Christianity* ; Diagnosis ; Humans ; Spirituality*

Hypochondroplasia is a form of short
Achondroplasia ; Christianity ; Dwarfism ; Extremities ; Hand

Coincidental occurrence of the renal cell carcinoma and renal angiomyolipoma in the same kidney is exceedingly rare, and it is usually presented as separated masses or nodules in cage of its occurrence. However, our case which has occurred in a 37-year-old-man without any stigmata of tuberous sclerosis is different because the angiomyolipoma and renal cell carcinoma are admixed in the same mass. To our knowledge, only 2 cases or combination of this tumors have been reported previously.
Angiomyolipoma* ; Carcinoma, Renal Cell* ; Christianity ; Kidney* ; Tuberous Sclerosis

OBJECTIVES: The study is to test reliability and validity of the Korean version of spiritual well being scale which is devised by Paloutzian and Ellison. METHODS: The spiritual well being scale was translated into Korean by two psychiatrist and 131 Christians rated the Korean version of spiritual well being scale. For test-retest reliability, 80 telephone counsellor trainee rated it again after one week interval and statistical analysis was done with the collected data. RESULT: Correlation coefficients were regarded to have good test-retest reliability. Cronbach alpha value of total score, and religious well being subscale and existential well being subscale were significantly high. Among demographic factors, health(healthier) factors, is related with significantly high score of spiritual well-being scale(SWS). Period(over 30year) of christianity showed significant discriminative score of SWS. Factor analysis for validity showed 5 subgroups which were correlated with religious well-being scale(RWS) and existential well-being scale(EWS). 1st subgroup of RWS is related with educational factor, 2nd subgroup of RWS is related with health foactor, 3rd subgroup of RWS is related with personal relationship with God especially, 4th subgroup of EWS is related with health factor and 5th subgroup of EWS is related with reality oriented view. CONCLULSION: The Korean version of SWS which is consisted of RWS and EWS was proved to be a reliable and valid instrument of assessment of spirituality.
Christianity ; Demography ; Humans ; Psychiatry ; Reproducibility of Results* ; Spirituality ; Telephone

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to clarify the buffering effects of christian belief on the interactional stress process of the white-collars. METHODS: The sample of this study was 545 white-collars working in the large enterprise. The questionnaire was composed of demographic data, job stress questionnaire, global assessment of recent stress, the ways of coping checklist, Beck depression inventory, stait-trait anxiety inventory, and shepherd Scale for defferentiate Christians from non Christians. Christianity was divided nito 'Christian way of thinking' and 'Christian way of living' for deep survey and analysis. RESULTS: In recognizing life stress and job stress, there was no difference between christians and non Christian atheist. But in coping stress, there was differecne between Christians and non Christians. 'Christian way of thinking' strengthened emotion focused coping, but didn't play a buffering role in reducing stress-induced depression and anxiety of the white-collars. But 'Christian way of living' increased challenge-appraisal and strenthened problem focused coping as a consequence. Also, Christian way of living had a influence on hoping thought and seeking social support. As a result, Christian belief reduced depression and anxiety. CONCLUSION: Christian belief a buffering effect on the interactional stress process of the white-collars of large enterprises.
Anxiety ; Checklist ; Christianity ; Depression ; Hope ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Stress, Psychological

A cutaneous angiomyolipoma, which is also known as a cutaneous angiolipoleiomyoma, is a rare benign mesenchymal tumor. Only 18 cases have been reported in the English literature. We describe a case of an angiomyolipoma presenting on the right ear helix of a 26-year-old female. The histopathologic examination revealed a typical form of an angiomyolipoma with a proliferation of mature adipocytes. As with all previously reported cases, our patient did not present with the stigmata of tuberous sclerosis. This is the 20th reported case of cutaneous angiomyolipoma and the 3rd reported case in Korea.
Adipocytes ; Adult ; Angiomyolipoma ; Christianity ; Ear ; Female ; Humans ; Tuberous Sclerosis

A postal survey was conducted to obtain information of the Protestant minister's knowledge, attituedand practice about family planning sex education and marriage during the period of July and August 1970. 536 ministers(14.4% were randomly selected from the nine denominations and military chaplains for the study using the most recent directories. Among 536 ministers 406 (75.7%) sent back the questionnaires. The knowledge about family planning was relatively higher than expected. In contrast to their higher knowledge, their approval rate of the family planning was slightly lower than that of the general population. The main reason for not approving of family planning was religious. The most commonly used contraceptives of the ministers were the traditional methods. The age of the ministers is the most important factor influencing their attitude toward family planning and sex education. The younger ministers tend to show more positive attitudes toward family planning and sex education. The denominations are also important factors influencing the attitudes and knowledge about family planning and sex education. Most ministers, particularly younger ministers, were dealing with sex problems in someway in church services. About one third of the ministers were dealing with sex education very actively in church services. Many ministers showed very liberal attitudes about marriage. The most important factor for selecting a daughter or son-in-law was their religious belief.
Attitude ; Christianity ; Family Planning* ; Korea ; Marriage* ; Religion and Sex* ; Sex Education*

Late-onset focal dermal elastosis is a recently described disorder afflicting elderly patients with yellow papules on the neck and flexural areas. Although there are similar clinical findings to pseudoxanthoma elasticum, no stigmata of pseudoxanthoma elastimum are not evident. Histologically the papules are characterized by increased elastic fibers of normal appearance in the mid and deep dermis and no evidence of solar elastosis. Late-onset focal dermal elastosis may be caused by focal accumulation of normal appearing elastic tissue due to loss of age related homeostatic growth regulating gene control mechanism. We report a case of pseudoxanthoma elasticum-like late-onset focal dermal elastosis and suggest that this condition may be more common than has been reported.
Aged ; Christianity ; Dermis ; Elastic Tissue ; Humans ; Neck ; Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum