In this paper, we will address common psychological reactions to disability such as anxiety, depression, denial, and anger in the framework of a stage model. In addition, this paper will discuss specific societal aspects that can impact reaction and adjustment to disability. In this vein, we will examine the specific effects of societal attitudes and stigma upon individuals with disabilities. Strategies for changing attitudes and facilitating adjustment to disability will also be discussed.

Objective To explore the rate of return to work among a cohort of spinal cord injury (SCI) who were at least 18 months post injury and some psychosocial factors contributing to return to work. MethodsA convenient sampling method was adopted and total 161 subjects were involved. The demographic characteristic and psychosocial variable were collected by 6 self-reported questionnaires: World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule Ⅱ, Acceptance of Disability Scale, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Short Depression Scale, Generalized Self-Efficacy Scale and Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. Self-administered, telephone and face-to-face interview were the manners to capture data. ResultsThe return to work rate is 31%. The result generated from Logistic regression showed that the type of SCI (paraplegia or quadriplegia) （OR=4.397）, acceptance of disability (OR=0.979), disability assessment level (OR=0.948), and the impact of belief to activities of daily living (OR=0.681) were the contributors for successful return to work. ConclusionFor those who suffering from SCI after 18 months, both psychosocial adjustment factors and physical functioning may have the great impacts for the outcomes of return to work rather than that of external factors, such as social supports.

INTRODUCTIONA few electrocardiographic criteria have been described to identify the infarct-related artery in inferior myocardial infarction. The aim of this study was to devise an arithmetic score to further improve the diagnostic accuracy.

MATERIALS AND METHODSFrom 2004 to 2006, 78 patients who underwent primary angioplasty for inferior myocardial infarction within 6 hours from symptom onset were recruited for electrocardiographic and angiographic analysis.

RESULTSThe mean age of patients was 65 ± 12 years with male predominance (74%). Less ST depression in lead I and aVL, and more prominent ST depression in lead V1-3 were observed in left circumflex artery (LCX) than right coronary artery (RCA) occlusions. In addition, more prominent ST depression in lead I and ST elevation in V1 were found in proximal RCA than distal RCA occlusions. Based on the findings, the Jeopardised Inferior Myocardium (JIM) score was constructed and defi ned as [II-V3/III+V1- I]. The sensitivity and specificity of JIM score ≤0.5 to predict proximal RCA occlusions; 0.5 1.5 to predict LCX occlusions were 58% and 85%, 69% and 68%, and 79% and 94%, respectively. The accuracy of prediction is slightly better than the 2 previously reported criteria.

CONCLUSIONBy taking into account more leads, the JIM score is capable of identifying the infarct-related artery with an improved diagnostic accuracy.

Aged ; Algorithms ; Coronary Angiography ; Coronary Occlusion ; diagnosis ; Coronary Vessels ; pathology ; Electrocardiography ; methods ; Female ; Humans ; Inferior Wall Myocardial Infarction ; diagnosis ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Predictive Value of Tests ; Sensitivity and Specificity

Objective: To examine the impact of maternal risky behaviors on the behaviors of children born to adolescent and young mothers. Methods: Adolescents and young Chinese mothers were recruited from an integrated young mother supportive program in Hong Kong between January and June 2015. Eligible mothers were asked to complete a questionnaire on their sociodemographic characteristics and history of risky behavior as well as their children's behaviors. Multiple regression analyses were conducted to explore the association between maternal risky behaviors and their children's behaviors. Results: Among 201 respondents, there were 187 (93.0%) ex-drinkers, 136 (67.7%) ex-smokers, and 83 (41.3%) ex-addicts. Compared to the reference group, children of mothers with drug use behaviors were more likely to have abnormal SDQ total difficulties scores (odds ratio 2.60, P=0.01), those of ex-drinking mothers had more behavioral difficulties and more conduct problems (B=3.82 and 1.37, P both=0.01) and those of ex-smoking mothers had more conduct problems (B=0.74, P=0.01) after adjustment for confounders. Children of active drug-taking mothers also had more emotional symptoms (B=1.77, P=0.04) and hyperactivity/inattention problems (B=2.14, P=0.03). Conclusion The history of mother's risky behavior was significantly associated with the behavioral problems of the children.