Objective To explore the effect of interaction between alcohol dehydrogenase 1B-1/2 (ADH1B·1/2) polymorphism and obesity on premature coronary heart disease (p-CHD).Methods Hospital-based case-control study was conducted.The newly diagnosed CHD patients were recruited as the subjects.One hundred and ninety-seven CHD patients diagnosed before 60 years old for males and 65 years old for females were assigned to the p-CHD case group with other 205 late onset CHD patients as the control group.Body mass index≥28 kg/m2 was defined as the obesity.Polymerase chain reaction-reatriction fragment length polymorphism was used to detect the ADH1B·1/2 polymorphism.Multivariate logistic regression model was performed to adjust the potential confounding factors and odds ratio estimation.Synergy index (S), relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI), and attributable proportion due to interaction (AP) were measured to assess the interaction as departure from additivity.Results There was a positive correlation between ADH1B ·1/2 polymorphism and obesity in patients with p-CAD.S was 2.07, RERI was 1.20, and AP was 36.1%.After adjusting sex, smoking index, alcohol drinking index, serum triglyceride, total cholesterol, diastolic blood pressure, systolic blood pressure and fasting plasma glucose by multiple logistic regression, there was also a positive correlation between ADH1B* 1/2 polymorphism and obesity.S was 2.24, RERI was 1.24, and AP was 38.3% after adjustment.Conclusions The interaction between ADH1B*1/2 polymorphism and obesity has a positive effect on the p-CAD in this studied population.

Objective To evaluate the correlation between multiple cardiovascular risk factors and severity of coronary heart disease (CHD) in patients undergoing coronary angiography. Methods Seven hundred and twenty eight patients who underwent coronary angiography were selected from Qilu Hospital from October 2008 to December 2009. The clinical data about cardiovascular risk factors including age, gender, hypertension, smoking status, type 2 diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, high uric acid level, low total bilirubin level, and coronary angiography results were collected. The severity and extent of coronary stenosis was evaluated by ACC/AHA coronary scoring system and CHD was diagnosed by angiography. Analyses were achieved by multiple regression analysis. Results Multiple regression analysis showed that age, gender, hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus and low HDL-C were prominent predictors of severity and extent of coronary heart disease. DM was the primary controllable risk factor of CHD (OR=3. 1179, P=0. 005). Conclusions The age, gender,hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus and low HDL-C are correlated with angiographic severity and extent of CHD. Consequently, controlling these five risk factors is important in the intervention and prevention of CHD.

OBJECTIVE: We investigated the influence of obstructive sleep apnea -hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) on hypertension and metabolism. METHOD: There were two groups in this research; they were the research group including 115 patients who were diagnosed with polysomnography and the control group of 122 healthy persons. The blood pressure in the morning, plasmas glucose (GLU), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), and uric acid (UA) were measured. There were 32 moderate or severe OSAHS patients and 20 healthy persons were selected to be measured the mitochondrial coupling factor 6 (CF6) with radio-immunity method. The results were analyzed with statistic method. The P < 0.05 means the significant difference. RESULT: The patients' blood pressure in the morning was significantly higher than the control healthy persons. The plasmas glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride, and uric acid of the OSAHS patients were all in a higher level than those of the control group healthy persons. There were significant differences between the two groups. The mitochondrial coupling factor 6 (CF6) of moderate OSAHS patients or severe OSAHS patients was more than that of the healthy persons (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION OSAHS is a potential risk factor on the cardiovascular diseases and the metabolism disorders. The mitochondrial coupling factor 6 (CF6) may play an important role in the procedure of X syndrome.
Adult ; Blood Glucose ; analysis ; Blood Pressure ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; etiology ; Case-Control Studies ; Cholesterol ; blood ; Female ; Humans ; Hypertension ; etiology ; Male ; Metabolic Diseases ; etiology ; Middle Aged ; Sleep Apnea, Obstructive ; metabolism ; pathology ; Triglycerides ; blood

Objective To explore the influencing factors for the smoking cessation attempts in male current smokers.Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted in nine villages selected from three counties (Pingyin,Junan and Liangshan) of Shandong province in August,2010 through household questionnaire survey in villagers aged ≥ 15 years to collect the information about current smokers demographic characteristics and smoking-related behaviors.A hurdle count data model was used to assess factors associated with the times of past smoking cessation attempts.Results Among 1 798 male current smokers,29.53％ had at least one smoking cessation attempt.Smokers who were married (3=0.705,P=0.002),had high educational level (β=0.214,P=0.026) and had higher level of awareness of smoking risks (β=0.237,P=0.009) were more likely to have smoking cessation attempt.Young age at smoking initiation (3 =-0.167,P=0.035) and higher level of awareness of smoking risks (β =0.146,P=0.020) were associated with increased smoking cessation attempts.Conclusions Less male current smokers had smoking cessation attemps in rural area in Shandong.The factors influencing smoking cessation attempt varied.It is necessary to conduct targeted intervention according to the smokers' smoking cessation experience.

Objective To study the intention on quitting smoking and related factors,so as to provide evidence on related important determinants.Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in 14 villages in Shandong,China.A total of 1 287 male daily smokers were interviewed,face-to-face.Multiple logistic regression method was used to assess the factors associated with quitting intention among male daily smokers.Dominance analysis was used to assess the relative contribution of determinants on quitting intention which were identified in the multiple logistic regression model.Results Among 1 287 male daily smokers,24.7％ expressed quitting intention within the next 6 months.Four determinants for quitting intention were identified in the multiple logistic regression model,including previous experience of quitting attempt (OR=1.691,95％ CI:1.458-1.962),lower level of smoking intensity (OR=0.751,95％CI:0.639-0.884),extensive knowledge on specific health effects of smoking (OR=1.038,95％CI:1.001-1.077) and presence of chronic disease (OR=1.765,95％CI:1.013-3.075).Results from the dominance analysis showed that ‘previous quitting attempt experience’ was the most important determinant regarding quitting intention,followed by low smoking intensity,knowledge of the specific health effects of smoking,and the presence of chronic disease.Conclusion The rate of quitting intention on cigarette smoking among rural male smokers remained low.Quitting intention was associated with previous quit attempt experience.

Objective To study the association between reasons for smoking and results related to successful smoking cessation. Methods A community-based case-control study was conducted with 642 male adults recognized as successful spontaneous smoking quitters being the subject cases while another 700 male adults who had failed to quit smoking were served as the controls. Russell Reason for Smoking Questionnaire(RRSQ)was used to investigate the reasons for smoking. Dominance logistic regression was performed to determine the relative importance of reasons for starting smoking and the endpoint of successful quit smoking. Results After adjusting the potential confounders of age,age of smoking initiation,marital status,profession,and education,the adjusted means of sedative and stimulation of RRSQ in the successful quitters were significant lower than that in the failed quitters. Results from the dominance logistic regression showed that the first two important factors for smoking cessation were sedative and stimulation of RRSQ,followed by psychological image,automatic,hand-mouth activity,indulgence,and addiction. Conclusion This study demonstrated that factors as dependence-addiction showed more important impacts than the social-psychological ones on the endpoint of successful smoking cessation.

OBJECTIVEA Meta-analysis was performed to assess the association of defective hepatic cytochrome P450 2A6 (CYP2A6) gene with smoking behaviors.

METHODSAll eligible studies published up to 2014 were searched out from PubMed, China National Knowledge Internet (CNKI), ISI Web of knowledge (ISI), vip citation databases (VIP), Chinese BioMedical Literature (CBM) and Elsevier Science Direct, searching words were "smok*","nicotine dependence","CYP2A6","cytochrome P450 2A6","polymorphism","mut*"and"varia*", while 436 articles were concluded. Meta-analysis was performed using Statal 3.1.

RESULTSA total of ten studies were finally included. We didn't find a significant effect of defective CYP2A6 gene on smoking initiation (fixed effect model (FEM): OR = 0.90, 95%CI: 0.78-1.03, I(2) = 25.8%), smoking persistence (random effect model (REM): OR = 0.85, 95%CI: 0.59-1.23, I(2) = 66.3%) and smoking cessation (REM: OR = 0.89, 95%CI: 0.57-1.40, I(2) = 67.1%). But it showed a significant protective effect of CYP2A6*4 on smoking initiation (FEM: OR = 0.78, 95%CI: 0.61-0.99, I(2) = 28.2%), smoking persistence (FEM: OR = 0.53, 95%CI: 0.36-0.77, I(2) = 41.0%) and smoking cessation (REM: OR = 0.49, 95%CI: 0.31-0.80, I(2) = 0.0%).

CONCLUSIONSThis Meta-analysis suggested that there was not a protective effect of defective CYP2A6 gene against smoking behaviors. But smokers with whole CYP2A6 gene deletion would be less likely to start smoking, less smoking persistence and more likely to quit smoking successful than smokers with wild CYP2A6 gene.

Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; China ; Cytochrome P-450 CYP2A6 ; Gene Deletion ; Humans ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Protective Factors ; Smoking ; Smoking Cessation ; Tobacco Use Disorder

OBJECTIVETo examine the association between social support and successful smoking cessation outcomes in males from rural areas.

METHODSA community-based case-control study was conducted with 642 adult male cases who appeared to be successful spontaneous smoking quitters as cases, together with other 700 adult males who failed quitting smoking to serve, as controls. Social Support Rating Scale (SSRS) was used to assess the individual social support. Multiple linear method was used to evaluate the relationship between social support and the outcome of successful cessation in smoking.

RESULTSAfter adjusting the potential confounders as age, education, marital status, profession, age of initial smoking and number of pack-years on smoking, the adjusted mean of subjective social support in successful quitters was significant lower than that in the failed ones (P<0.001). The differences of adjusted means between objective social support and its utility were not statistically different in the two groups among the population who recognized that cigarettes should always be provided when people interact with each other (P=0.124; P=0.763). However, the adjusted means of social support and the related three dimensions did not show significant differences in the two groups among the population in disapproval of the above said social norms (P>0.05).

CONCLUSIONData from our research indicated that social support would negatively affect the successful spontaneous cessation of smoking among people under unhealthy smoking culture.

Adult ; Case-Control Studies ; Humans ; Male ; Rural Population ; Smoking ; psychology ; Smoking Cessation ; psychology ; statistics & numerical data ; Smoking Prevention ; Social Support

OBJECTIVETo investigate the relationship between smoking abstinence self- efficacy (SASE) and age.

METHODSA cross-sectional questionnaire survey in form of face-to-face interview was performed. The SASE level was assessed by using the Smoking Abstinence Self-Efficacy Scale. Univariate two-degree fractional polynomials (FPs) regression model was used to explore the relationship between SASE and age after adjusting of potential confounders: marital status, occupation and education.

RESULTSThe relationship between SASE and age showed a U-shaped curve with the nadir at 60 years old.

CONCLUSIONThe distribution of SASE is not consistent among age groups; middle aged person has lower level of SASE than both the younger and the elder.

Age Factors ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Models, Statistical ; Self Efficacy ; Smoking Cessation ; psychology ; Smoking Prevention ; Surveys and Questionnaires

OBJECTIVETo estimate the mediating effect of smoking abstinence self-efficacy (SASE) on the association between awareness of smoking hazard and successful smoking cessation.

METHODSA community-based case-control study was conducted in 642 smokers who successfully stopped smoking, and 700 smokers who failed in smoking cessation were used as controls. The awareness of smoking hazard was evaluated by total score of 12 items. The SASE was assessed by using Smoking Abstinence Self-Efficacy (ASES-S). The total effect was classified as direct effect and indirect effect through logistic regression analysis based on the KHB method.

RESULTSAfter adjusting the potential confounders, including age, age of smoking initiation, occupation, educational level and marital status, the mediating effect of SASE accounted for 6.03% among the total effect of awareness of smoking hazard in those who successfully stopped smoking while the direct effect accounted for 93.97% among the total effect. In the three specific situation of SASE, the mediating effect of SASE accounted for 6.80% (positive/social situations), 3.08% (negative/affective situations) and 2.32% (habit/addictive situations) among the total effect, respectively.

CONCLUSIONSASE has part mediating effect to influence on the association between the awareness of smoking hazard and successful smoking cessation. Improving smokers' awareness of smoking hazard may not only promote successful smoking cessation directly, but also contribute to quit smoking through improving the score of SASE.

Case-Control Studies ; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ; Humans ; Self Efficacy ; Smoking ; psychology ; Smoking Cessation ; psychology ; Tobacco Use Disorder