The study consist of 134 neonatal pneumonia who under 28 days born addmitted to The Neonatal department of National Institute of Peadiatrics from December 2001 to November 2002. The out comes showed that: Positive rate: 71.15%, negative rate: 29.85%. Common isolated bacteria were negative Gram. Ampicillin, gentamycin, chloramphenicol bactrim have resistance antibiotic. The recovered treatment result: 90.3%; mortality: 9.7% in which 61.2% are fully recovered without change other antibiotic. The average treatment duration by antibiotic:13.2%
Pneumonia ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Chloramphenicol

This study was aimed to assess the dissolution of 4 chloramphenicol capsule products of 4 Vietnamese pharmaceutical enterprises. The results showed that most of them have a very low drug release degree. The cause may be resulted from making capsule without making particles, too raw powder, using too much insoluble excipient, too high rate of insoluble excipient. The dissolution test should be considered an item of chloramphenicol capsule specification
Chloramphenicol ; Adjuvants, Pharmaceutic ; Capsules ; drugs

Background/Objective: Haemophilus influenzae type b remains to be a significant etiology of invasive infections specially in children two months to five years old without Hib vaccination. This study was performed to compare the cure rates of ampicillin, chloramphenicol, ampicillin-chloramphenicol combination and third generation cephalosporins as initial antibiotic treatments for documented invasive Hib infections. This study may assist in formulating recommendations on empiric antimicrobial therapy. Methods: Charts of patients with invasive Hib disease confirmed either by blood culture, CSF culture and/or latex agglutination test from January 1991 to August 2010 were reviewed. Cases were classified into four groups depending on the initial antibiotic given upon admission. The four groups were compared and analyzed in terms of cure rates. Results The disease occurred predominantly in children less than two years old. Males were more frequently affected than females. All subjects were not given Hib vaccination. Cure rates were significantly different between ampicillin (33%) and chloramphenicol (89%) groups (p=0.017), and between chloramphenicol (89%) and ampicillin-chloramphenicol (39%) groups (p=0.008). However, cure rates were not significantly different when third generation cephalosporin group (62%) was compared to the other treatment groups (p>0.05). Resistance of Hib was 31% to ampicillin, while <10% to chloramphenicol and third generation cephalosporins. Conclusion: Chloramphenicol is an excellent drug for empiric therapy in highly suspected or proven cases of invasive Hib disease.
Ampicillin ; Chloramphenicol ; Third Generation Cephalosporins ; Haemophilus influenzae

Protermycin, the first molecular synthetic of tetracycline and chloramphenicol, has been given trial in 28 patients: acute gonococcal urethritis 10, nongonococcal urethritis 7, acute cystitis 6, chancroid 1 and postoperative cases 4. The doses ranged from 300 to 600 me daily. From this study, it was found that Protermycin proved itself to be most effective in nongonococcal urethritis which could not be treated satisfactorily by other antibiotics. Of 28 cases, 25 showed good result. The remaining 3 cases failed to respond.
Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Chancroid ; Chloramphenicol ; Cystitis ; Humans ; Tetracycline ; Urethritis

Cancer resistance to treatment ; Peninsular Malaysia ; Tetracyclines ; Salmonella typhi ; Chloramphenicol

Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) is a major cause of meningitis and pneumonia in children. In Papua New Guinea (PNG) more than 20% of Hib are now resistant to chloramphenicol, and resistant Hib meningitis treated with chloramphenicol results in certain death or severe brain injury. Third-generation cephalosporins are a therapeutic option but are very expensive, while the Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine would provide effective prevention. In a province of 380,000 people, using ceftriaxone as standard treatment for meningitis in all health facilities would only save an estimated 8 more lives per year than using chloramphenicol, and cost US dollars 1514 per additional life saved. Introduction of Hib vaccine would save, each year, 61 more lives than using chloramphenicol and 53 more lives than using ceftriaxone for meningitis treatment. The cost of a vaccination strategy for Hib meningitis would be US dollars 1216 for each of the 61 additional lives saved. Hib vaccine would be by far the most effective intervention to reduce mortality and severe neurological disability from Hib meningitis in PNG. Nationwide introduction of Hib vaccine is urgently needed, as antibiotics are now less effective in this disease than ever before.
Haemophilus influenzae type b bacteria ; Meningitis ; Vaccines ; Chloramphenicol ; Prevention

Microorganisms are the dominant players driving the degradation and transformation of chloramphenicol (CAP) in the environment. However, little bacterial strains are able to efficiently degrade and mineralize CAP, and the CAP degrading pathways mediated by oxidative reactions remain unclear. In this study, a highly efficient CAP-degrading microbial consortium, which mainly consists of Rhodococcus (relative abundance >70%), was obtained through an enrichment process using CAP-contaminated activated sludge as the inoculum. A bacterial strain CAP-2 capable of efficiently degrading CAP was isolated from the consortium and identified as Rhodococcus sp. by 16S rRNA gene analysis. Strain CAP-2 can efficiently degrade CAP under different nutrient conditions. Based on the biotransformation characteristics of the detected metabolite p-nitrobenzoic acid and the reported metabolites p-nitrobenzaldehyde and protocatechuate by strain CAP-2, a new oxidative pathway for the degradation of CAP was proposed. The side chain of CAP was oxidized and broken to generate p-nitrobenzaldehyde, which was further oxidized to p-nitrobenzoic acid. Strain CAP-2 can be used to further study the molecular mechanism of CAP catabolism, and has the potential to be used in in situ bioremediation of CAP-contaminated environment.
Biodegradation, Environmental ; Chloramphenicol ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics* ; Rhodococcus/genetics* ; Sewage

OBJECTIVETo establish a novel suspension microarray technology for the detection of three kinds of veterinary drug residues: chloramphenicol, clenbuterol and 17-beta-estradiol (CAP, CL and E2).

METHODSThe three conjugates that veterinary drug coupled with bovine serum albumin (BSA) were synthesized and identified by ultraviolet (UV) spectrophotometry and mass spectrum. The veterinary drug conjugates were immobilized on the polystyrene fluorescent microspheres/beads. There were competitive reactions between the veterinary drugs in the aqueous phase and that on the beads for combination with their specific biotinylated monoclonal antibodies. The optimum amount of the veterinary drug conjugates and the antibodies were optimized and selected. The detective standard curves were plotted. The specificity and the unknown samples were also determined by grouping according to different concentrations of the interferes and the samples. Meantime, the different microstructures of the surfaces of the beads were also observed by scanning electron microscope.

RESULTSCouplings were completed between small molecular veterinary drugs and BSA. The amounts of the three conjugates and the antibodies were optimized. The detective standard curves of the suspension array and their corresponding coefficients of determination (R2) were good (R2 > 0.99). The detection ranges of the three veterinary drugs were (40.00 - 6.25) x 10(5) ng/L, (50.00-7.81) x 10(5) ng/L and 1.00 x 10(3) - 7.29 x 10(5) ng/L respectively. Simultaneously, the specific detection of the suspension microarray was excellent and did not indicate significant cross-reactions. Errors between the found and the real are in the range of 8.09% - 17.03%. It can be considered that the relative standard deviations were relatively small. Successful couplings were also directly confirmed by the observation for microstructures of the surfaces of the beads by scanning of electron microscope and laid good foundation for the following responses.

CONCLUSIONThe high-throughput suspension microarray should provide a novel method for multi-analysis of the veterinary drugs and have a wide applicative prospects with simple operation, sensitive, rapid and low cost.

Chloramphenicol ; analysis ; Clenbuterol ; analysis ; Drug Residues ; analysis ; Estradiol ; analysis ; Microarray Analysis ; methods ; Veterinary Drugs ; analysis

In this study, we investigated reductive degradation of nitroaromatic antibiotic chloramphenicol to non-effective antibacterial amine product in fed-batch biocatalyzed electrolysis systems (BES) (applied voltage was 0.5 V) under low temperature (12 +/- 2 degrees C). The ohm resistance of the whole BES reactor increased when the phosphate buffer solution concentrations decreased. Efficiencies (ErCAP) of chloramphenicol reduction with biocathode (PBS, 25 mmol/L) in presence of glucose was (86.3 +/- 1.69)% within 24 h and sludge fermentation liquor was (74.1 +/-1.44)% within 24 h. While the ErCAP of abiotic cathode under the same condition was only (57.9 +/- 1.94)% within 24 h. It suggested that biocathode could be a promising technology for reductive biodegradation of nitroaromatic antibiotics-containing wastewater in areas with relatively low annual mean temperature.
Bioreactors ; Chloramphenicol ; metabolism ; Electrochemical Techniques ; instrumentation ; methods ; Electrodes ; Fermentation ; Oxidation-Reduction

Antibiotic therapy for acne is now considered one of the most effective regimen. Thirty years ago, oral antibiotics were introduced for acne vulgaris and topical preparations have been available by prescription for more than 15 years. Recently, clindamycin, erythromycin and tetracycline were regarded as the most effective and widely used antibiotics. Many authors reported that clindamycin was a mast effective topical antibiotic for acne vulgaris but side effects, i.e., contact dermstitis or pseudomembranous colitis were reported. The author studied the clinical effectiveness and side effects of Fabrys salution, which has been used as an antiseptic and keratolytic agents, and Fabrys solution containing chloramphenicol or clindamycin. Fifty three patients who were followed for 6 weeks were studied. They were divided into three groups: group I was treated with Fabrys solution(F solution), group II was treated with Fabrys solution containing chloramphenicol(F-c solution) and group Ill was treated with Fabrys solution containing clindamycin(F-cd solution).
Acne Vulgaris* ; Anti-Bacterial Agents* ; Chloramphenicol ; Clindamycin ; Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous ; Erythromycin ; Humans ; Keratolytic Agents ; Prescriptions ; Tetracycline