The molecular basis of variable phenotypes in P-thalassaemia patients with identical genotypes has been associated with co-inheritance of alpha-thalassaemia and persistence of HbF production in adult life. The Xmn I restriction site at -158 position of the Ggamma-gene is associated with increased expression of the Ggamma-globin gene and higher production of HbF This study aims to determine the frequency of the digammaferent genotypes of the Ggamma Xmn I polymorphism in P-thalassaemia patients in two ethnic groups in Malaysia. Molecular characterisation and frequency of the Ggamma Xmn I polymorphism were studied in fifty-eight Chinese and forty-nine beta-thalassaemia Malay patients by Xmn I digestion after DNA amplification of a 650 bp sequence. The in-house developed technique did not require further purification or concentration of amplified DNA before restriction enzyme digestion. The cheaper Seakem LE agarose was used instead of Nusieve agarose and distinct well separated bands were observed. Genotyping showed that the most frequent genotype observed in the Malaysian Chinese was homozygosity for the absence of the Xmn I site (-/-) (89.7%). In the Malays, heterozygosity of the Xmn I site (+/-) was most common (63.3%). Homozygosity for the Xmn I site (+/+) was absent in the Chinese, but was confirmed in 8.2% of the Malays. The ratio of the (+) allele (presence of the Xmn I site) to the (-) allele (absence of the Xmn I site)) was higher in the Malays (0.66) compared to the Chinese (0.05). The (+/-) and (+/+) genotypes are more commonly observed in the Malays than the Chinese in Malaysia.
Chinese People ; Thalassemia ; With frequency ; Malaysia ; seconds

Aims: Solanum trilobatum Linn., (Solanaceae) is one of the most widely used plants as food supplement in southern part of India and some parts of Southeast Asia. This plant is traditionally used for the treatment of respiratory illness. In animal studies, the extract of S. trilobatum showed significant antimicrobial, hepatoprotective and anticancer activities. The complete phytochemical profile, antimicrobial and mast cell stabilizing activities of S. trilobatum remains unclear. This study tests the antimicrobial, antihistaminic and mast cell stabilizing activities of ethanolic extract of leaves of S. trilobatum (EEST). Methodology and results: The phytochemical test was carried out using chemical and instrumental [Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)] analytical methods. Antimicrobial effect of EEST was tested against Streptococcus pneumonia, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Intestinal mesentery of Sprague Dawley (SD) rats was used to study the peritoneal mast cell stabilization activity of EEST. The rat intestinal mesentery was exposed to 50, 100, 200, 300, 400 and 600 μg/mL of EEST and the peritoneal mast cell stabilization activity was compared with that of standards (pheniramine 20 μg/mL and ketotifen 20 μg/mL). The phytochemical test showed the presence of carbohydrates, saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins and phenolic compounds. GC-MS analysis indicated the presence of 45 fragmented compounds which included epoxylinalol, himachalol, illudol, epibuphanamine, baimuxinal and edulan IV. EEST exhibited antimicrobial activity at 10 mg/mL against S. aureus, S. pneumonia. Significant mast cell stabilizing activity was observed from the dose of 100 μg/mL to 600 μg/mL. Conclusion: Ethanolic extract of leaves of S. trilobatum possess significant antimicrobial and antihistaminic activity.

PURPOSE: Tranexamic acid (TXA) is effective in reducing blood loss in primary total knee replacement. Almost all studies used an intravenous form or a topical form. The aim of this study was to assess the blood sparing efficacy and the safety of oral TXA. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All patients with primary total knee replacement performed in our institute from January 2015 to October 2015 were eligible. Oral TXA group was given 1 g oral TXA 2 hours before induction of anesthesia and 6 hours and 12 hours postoperatively. The control group was not given TXA. RESULTS: There were 94 cases in the oral TXA group and 95 cases in the control group. There was no difference in the baseline characteristics. The oral TXA group had a significantly lower hemoglobin drop (1.7 g/dL vs. 2.5 g/dL), lower drain output (154 mL vs. 203 mL), lower hidden blood loss (244 mL vs. 423 mL) and lower total blood loss (398 mL vs. 626 mL). There was no difference in transfusion rate (1.1% vs. 3.2%) and thromboembolic complication. There was no infection or mortality in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Oral TXA is effective in reducing blood loss in primary total knee replacement. It is a safe alternative to the intravenous or topical form.
Anesthesia ; Arthroplasty ; Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee ; Humans ; Knee ; Mortality ; Tranexamic Acid

carcinoma has been reclassified as non-invasive follicularthyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features (NIFTP)to emphasize the benign nature of this entity. In ourinstitution, we have assessed 455 patients treated withradioiodine ablation for differentiated thyroid carcinoma and20 of them were retrospectively found to fulfill the newNIFTP criteria. There was no evidence of metastasis on postradioiodine whole body scans for NIFTP cases and thesepatients were in remission subsequently. The benignfeatures of these patients’ whole body scans and goodclinical outcome following treatment further support NIFTPas a low risk thyroid neoplasm.

INTRODUCTION: There is an increasing trend of physical child abuse cases reported in Singapore. Children presenting to the Emergency Department with injuries require a high index of suspicion for clinicians to distinguish those that are abusive in nature. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective study of children with diagnosis of NAI presenting to KK Women's and Children's Hospital (KKH) from June 2011 to May 2016 was conducted. RESULTS: There were 1917 cases reported from 1730 subjects, of  which: 8.8% of subjects had repeat visits; 55.2% of cases were male; and mean age was 7.69 years. Racial demographics were: Chinese 45.5%, Malay 33.4%, Indian 15.4% and Others 5.9%. The most frequent injuries sustained were head and neck (50.8%), limbs (32.2%), and chest (5.7%). Of the type of injuries, 55% had contusions, 21% had cane marks, 16% had lacerations, 4.4% had burn marks and 1% sustained fractures. Males were more likely to be caned ( <0.001); 54.9% of cases were admitted and 38.9% were discharged. Cases that presented without a parent ( <0.001), were known to Child Protective Service ( <0.001), or had a history of  parental substance abuse ( = 0.038), mental illness in caregiver ( = 0.021), or domestic violence ( <0.001) were more likely to require admission. CONCLUSION Analysing these factors provide a better understanding of  the presentation of  NAI cases, including 'red flags' and vulnerable groups who should have better protection.
Age Factors ; Child ; Child Abuse ; prevention & control ; statistics & numerical data ; Child, Preschool ; Cohort Studies ; Emergency Service, Hospital ; statistics & numerical data ; Ethnic Groups ; statistics & numerical data ; Female ; Hospitalization ; statistics & numerical data ; Humans ; Injury Severity Score ; Male ; Mandatory Reporting ; Needs Assessment ; Physical Abuse ; prevention & control ; statistics & numerical data ; Prevalence ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Assessment ; Sex Factors ; Singapore ; Vulnerable Populations ; statistics & numerical data ; Wounds and Injuries ; diagnosis ; epidemiology

INTRODUCTIONWe investigated the 2005 outbreak of dengue fever (DF)/dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) to determine its epidemiological, virological and entomological features to further understand the unprecedented resurgence.

MATERIALS AND METHODSAll physician-diagnosed, laboratory-confirmed cases of DF/DHF notified to the Ministry of Health, Singapore during the outbreak as well as entomological and virological data were analysed retrospectively.

RESULTSA total of 14,006 cases of DF/DHF comprising 13,625 cases of DF and 381 cases of DHF, including 27 deaths were reported, giving an incidence rate of 322.6 per 100,000 and a case-fatality rate of 0.19%. The median age of the cases and deaths were 32 and 59.5 years, respectively. The incidence rate of those living in compound houses was more than twice that of residents living in public and private apartments. The distribution of DF/DHF cases was more closely associated with Aedes aegypti compared to Aedes albopictus breeding sites and the overall Aedes premises index was 1.15% (2.28% in compound houses and 0.33% to 0.8% in public and private apartments). The predominant dengue serotype was DEN-1. A significant correlation between weekly mean temperature and cases was noted. The correlation was strongest when the increase in temperature preceded rise in cases by a period of 18 weeks.

CONCLUSIONThe resurgence occurred in a highly densely populated city-state in the presence of low Aedes mosquito population. Factors contributing to this resurgence included lower herd immunity and change in dominant dengue serotype from DEN-2 to DEN-1. There was no evidence from gene sequencing of the dengue viruses that the epidemic was precipitated by the introduction of a new virulent strain. The current epidemiological situation is highly conducive to periodic dengue recurrences. A high degree of vigilance and active community participation in source reduction should be maintained.

Adult ; Aedes ; Animals ; Dengue ; epidemiology ; prevention & control ; transmission ; Dengue Virus ; immunology ; isolation & purification ; pathogenicity ; Disease Outbreaks ; Female ; Humans ; Immunity, Herd ; Incidence ; Insect Vectors ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Mosquito Control ; Primary Prevention ; methods ; Public Health ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Serotyping ; Singapore ; epidemiology

INTRODUCTION: The impact of noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features (NIFTP) on the risk of malignancy (ROM) in fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) per The Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology has not been well reported in Singapore. METHODS: We retrospectively identified 821 thyroid nodules with preoperative FNAC from 788 patients out of 1,279 consecutive thyroidectomies performed between January 2010 and August 2016 in a tertiary general hospital in Singapore. Possible cases of NIFTP were reviewed for reclassification and the impact of NIFTP on ROM was analysed. RESULTS: The incidence of NIFTP was 1.2% (10 out of 821). If NIFTP is considered benign, ROM in Bethesda I through VI were 8.6%, 3.5%, 26.3%, 20.0%, 87.7%, 97.0% versus 8.6%, 4.2%, 28.1%, 26.7%, 89.2% and 100% if NIFTP is considered malignant. Eight patients with NIFTP had follow-up of 15 to 110 months. One had possible rib metastasis as evidenced by I131 uptake but remained free of structural or biochemical disease during a follow-up period of 110 months. None had lymph node metastasis at presentation, nor locoregional or distant recurrence. CONCLUSION Classifying NIFTP as benign decreased ROM in Bethesda II through VI, but the benignity of NIFTP requires more prospective studies to ascertain. The impact of NIFTP on ROM in our institution also appears to be lower than that reported in the Western studies.
Adenocarcinoma, Follicular/epidemiology* ; Humans ; Prospective Studies ; Retrospective Studies ; Singapore/epidemiology* ; Thyroid Neoplasms/epidemiology*

Introduction: Inhibition of the cholinesterase’s function leads to paralysis and death. This mechanism is served as a common mode of action of insecticide. The three tropical seaweeds, namely Bryopsis pennata, Padina australis and Sargassum binderi were reported for its potential mosquito larvicidal effect. In the present study, these seaweeds were evaluated for their potential as a cholinesterase inhibitor in the mechanism of larvicidal action. Methods: Acetylcholinsterase (AChE) inhibition assay was carried out based on the colorimetric method using a microplate reader. Phytochemical content of the seaweed extracts was screened by using liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy (LC-MS). Results: Green seaweed B. pennata showed the strongest inhibition effect towards in vitro AChE by using tissue homogenates of Aedes aegypti (IC50 value = 0.84 mg mL-1) and Aedes albopictus as the enzyme source (IC50 value = 0.92 mg mL-1). The pattern of Lineweaver-Burk plots revealed that B. pennata was a mixed type inhibitor of AChE, as the readings of Km, Vmax, Ki and Ki’, indicates that it had a strong inhibition ability with high binding affinity towards both free enzyme and enzyme-substrate complex. Conclusion: These findings suggest the compound(s) in B. pennata extract serves as a promising source that could be developed into a mosquito larvicidal agent with AChE inhibition effect.

Introduction: Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is an autoimmune disorder that requires a lifelong treatment regimen which may affect psychosocial development. Objective: To identify behavioural and emotional problems in children and adolescents with T1DM. Methodology: A cross-sectional study using the Child Behaviour Check List (CBCL) was conducted among all T1DM patients receiving treatment at the Paediatric Endocrine Unit, Hospital Tunku Azizah Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Results: Forty T1DM patients were included. The mean age of the participants was 12.4 years (SD=2.69), with 52.5% males, and 75% Malay. The average duration of illness was 4.8 years, 9 were pre-pubertal, while mean HbA1c was 9.4%. Thirty-five percent of the respondents had parent-reported internalizing problems and 17.5% had parent-reported externalizing problems. Those >12 years old had more internalizing problems (p=0.004) compared to those ≤12 years old. The differences were in the anxious/depressed syndrome subscale (p=0.001) and withdrawn/depressed syndrome subscale (p=0.015). There were no statistically significant differences in the 3 main global scores by gender, glycaemic control, duration of illness and pubertal status by univariate analysis. Conclusion T1DM patients >12 years old were at higher risk of developing psychosocial difficulties. This highlighted the benefit of screening of behavioural and emotional issues in children and adolescents with T1DM.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1

Background: The PLASMIC score is a convenient tool for predicting ADAMTS13 activity of ＜10%.Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is widely used as a marker of haemolysis in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) monitoring, and could be used as a replacement marker for lysis. We aimed to validate the PLASMIC score in a multi-centre Asia Pacific region, and to explore whether LDH could be used as a replacement marker for lysis. Methods: Records of patients with thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) were reviewed. Patients’ ADAMTS13 activity levels were obtained, along with clinical/laboratory findings relevant to the PLASMIC score. Both PLASMIC scores and PLASMIC-LDH scores, in which LDH replaced traditional lysis markers, were calculated. We generated a receiver operator characteristics (ROC) curve and compared the area under the curve values (AUC) to determine the predictive ability of each score. Results: 46 patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria, of which 34 had ADAMTS13 activity levels of ＜10%. When the patients were divided into intermediate-to-high risk (scores 5‒7) and low risk (scores 0‒4), the PLASMIC score showed a sensitivity of 97.1% and specificity of 58.3%, with a positive predictive value (PPV) of 86.8% and negative predictive value (NPV) of 87.5%. The PLASMIC-LDH score had a sensitivity of 97.1% and specificity of 33.3%, with a PPV of 80.5% and NPV of 80.0%. Conclusion Our study validated the utility of the PLASMIC score, and demonstrated PLASMIC-LDH as a reasonable alternative in the absence of traditional lysis markers, to help identify high-risk patients for treatment via plasma exchange.