The histochemical changes of the resting, pregnant, lactating and involuting mammaryglands of ninety mice (virgins and first pregnancy) aged 2--3 months have been studied.The changes of nucleoproteins, alkaline phosphatase, glycogen and lipid were studied bymethods of methyl green-pyronin, Gomori's Ca-Co method, periodic acid-Schiff's reagentand Sudan black stain respectively. The morphological changes were demonstrated byH-E stain. RNA was observed in the cytoplasm and neucleoli of the glandular epithelium. Thecontent of RNA increased gradually from midpregnancy and reached maximum duringlactation. During involution it decreased rapidly, and recovered to the normal level atthe 6th day after weaning. In the glandular epithelium the alkaline phosphatase was more evident in the restingstage. During pregnancy it weakened gradually. It was minimal during lactation andincreased markedly after weaning. The content of alkaline phosphatase was more in theactive-secreting cells than that of the resting cells. Myoepithelial cells always gavestrong reaction. In the glandular epithelium glycogen was only present in a few lactating mammaryglands, and absent in all the others. During late pregnant and lactating stage, the glan-dular epithelium was weakly positive by PAS stain. Lipid was observed in the cytoplasm of the glandular epithelium. The content ofit increased gradually from midpregnancy and reached the maximum during lactation, butdecreased during involution. After weaning, lipid granules were present only in thelumen of the duct. We did not find any significant changes of the mentioned substances during theestrous cycle. The relationships and the functional significances of the mentioned substances werediscussed.

Twenty-four adult rabbits(body weight 1500—2000 gm),under light urethane ana- thesia(1 gm/kg),were subjected to craniotomy.The symmetrical areas of the parietal cortex were exposed and each side was covered by a filter paper which had been soaked with any one of the following drugs:(1)2% Strychnine(Sulphate),(2) 1‰ Stry- chnine,(3)20% KCI,(4)2% KCl.The normal saline was used for the controls. Thirty minutes later,all animals were killed by decapitation.The cortical areas were rapidly removed within one minute and stained with the following method:(1)Gomori's method for acid phosphatase(ACP),(2)Unna's method for ribonucleic acid(RNA), and(3)Toluidine blue stain for Nissl bodies.The cevical cord(C3-4)was also re- moved in some animals and stained for RNA.In five animals,the EEG records were obtained from the cortical surface with the silver-silver chloride nonpolarized electrodes. The EEG results confirmed the established experiments that when 20% KCl was placed locally,the amplitudes of the EEG waves became markedly decreased,while 2% Stry- chnine was applied,the typical 'Strychnine Spikes'appeared consistently. The local application of 20% KCl did not produce any significant effect on the RNA contents of the horizontal cells(Cajal's cells)in the lst layer.But the pyramidal cells of the 2nd,3rd layers exhibited a typical central chromatolysis,i.e.,RNA decreased or disappeared,nucleus became eccentric,Nissl bodies underwent dissolution.The granu- lar cells of the fourth layer also showed central chomatolysis,but less marked.The ganglion cells and polymorphic cells in 5th,6th layers did not differ apparently from that of the normal saline controls.2% KCl produced the similar effect although the de- generative changes were not so severe as compared with that of the 20% KCl. Local application of 2% Strychnine did not alter the RNA levels of the Cajal cells. The RNA content of pyramidal cells in 2nd—3rd layers decreased to a considerable de- gree,but the typical chromotalytical changes were absent.The RNA of the large pyramidal cells in the 5th layer appeared as clusters of large granules.The RNA levels of 4th,6th layer showed no considerable changes as compared with that of the normal saline controls,1‰ Strychnine had no significant effect on the RNA content of the cere- bral cortex. The RNA of the anterior horn cells of the cevical cord was the same as the control animals no matter what drugs had been applied. 20% KCl enhanced the ACP reaction of the whole cortex,especially the 2nd—3rd layers.2% KCl produced the same effect but to a lesser degree.1% Strychnine also increased the ACP activities of the 2nd—4th layers.But 1‰ Strychnine had no signifi- cant effect. Based on the mentioned results,the significance of RNA and ACP for the functions and the functional relations of nerve cells between cortical neurons were discussed.

This thesis is a research how the medical history described and organized in the Korean history textbook to compare the 7th educational program from 2002 to the 6th educational program from 1994-2001 in Korea. The medical history is divided into two parts as social system, science and technology but so small amount. In addition, it is impossible to study medical history in its own program. And we can't find any significant difference between the 6th edition and the 7th edition in the state Korean History textbook. In the Korean Modern and Contemporary History textbook, we can find more abundant and systematical approach from some textbooks published by Joongang and Geumsung company than 6th edition Korean History. The change of textbook system to authorized textbook system makes some advance. However four other books don't show much improvement. On the other hand, the contents are so much devoted into the introduction of medical system and books even in the advanced textbooks. Therefore we have to make the students to understand the life of the past and the present with the concrete contents and intimating of the living history. Besides medical historians have to participate in the process to publish the textbook.
Dissertations, Academic/*history ; *Historiography ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Korea ; Textbooks/*history

OBJECTIVE: Schizophrenia (SZ) has been associated with the inflammatory-related and immunological pathogenesis. This study investigates the aberration of cytokines in patients with SZ. METHODS: Thirty patients with SZ without antipsychotic treatment for at least two weeks participated. We measured the serum levels of fourteen cytokines at hospital admission and after 8-week antipsychotic treatment. Severity was measured by expanded version of 24-items brief psychiatric rating scale (BPRS-E). Repeated measure analyses of variance were conducted. RESULTS: The interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) was significantly decreased after 8-week antipsychotic treatment than those of before antipsychotic treatment (F=12.15, df=1/30, p=0.002). Neural cell adhesion molecule 1/CD56 (NCAM-1/CD56) was significantly decreased (F=6.61, df=1/30, p=0.016) among those with second-generation antipsychotics but not first-generation antipsychotics treatment. The changes of BPRS-E-manic and BPRS-E-anxiety scores correlated with the baseline IL-1ra (r=-0.393), IL-6 (r=-0.407), and insulin like growth factor binding protein 3 (r=-0.446). Additionally, the changes of BPRS-E and BPRS-E-negative scores correlated with the changes of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (r=0.372) and interferon-gamma (r=0.375). CONCLUSION: Our study supports that IL-1ra and NCAM-1/CD56 may be considered as markers of developing SZ.
Antipsychotic Agents ; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor ; Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale ; Carrier Proteins ; Cytokines ; Humans ; Insulin ; Interferon-gamma ; Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein* ; Interleukin-1 ; Interleukin-6 ; Neural Cell Adhesion Molecules ; Schizophrenia*

Occupational neurotoxic diseases have become increasingly common in Taiwan due to industrialization. Over the past 40 years, Taiwan has transformed from an agricultural society to an industrial society. The most common neurotoxic diseases also changed from organophosphate poisoning to heavy metal intoxication, and then to organic solvent and semiconductor agent poisoning. The nervous system is particularly vulnerable to toxic agents because of its high metabolic rate. Neurological manifestations may be transient or permanent, and may range from cognitive dysfunction, cerebellar ataxia, Parkinsonism, sensorimotor neuropathy and autonomic dysfunction to neuromuscular junction disorders. This study attempts to provide a review of the major outbreaks of occupational neurotoxins from 1968 to 2012. A total of 16 occupational neurotoxins, including organophosphates, toxic gases, heavy metals, organic solvents, and other toxic chemicals, were reviewed. Peer-reviewed articles related to the electrophysiology, neuroimaging, treatment and long-term follow up of these neurotoxic diseases were also obtained. The heavy metals involved consisted of lead, manganese, organic tin, mercury, arsenic, and thallium. The organic solvents included n-hexane, toluene, mixed solvents and carbon disulfide. Toxic gases such as carbon monoxide, and hydrogen sulfide were also included, along with toxic chemicals including polychlorinated biphenyls, tetramethylammonium hydroxide, organophosphates, and dimethylamine borane. In addition we attempted to correlate these events to the timeline of industrial development in Taiwan. By researching this topic, the hope is that it may help other developing countries to improve industrial hygiene and promote occupational safety and health care during the process of industrialization.
Arsenic ; Ataxia ; Carbon Disulfide ; Carbon Monoxide ; Cerebellar Diseases ; Delivery of Health Care ; Developing Countries ; Dimethylamines ; Disease Outbreaks ; Electrophysiology ; Gases ; Hexanes ; Hydrogen Sulfide ; Manganese ; Metals, Heavy ; Nervous System ; Neuroimaging ; Neurologic Manifestations ; Neuromuscular Junction Diseases ; Neurotoxins ; Occupational Diseases ; Occupational Health ; Organophosphate Poisoning ; Organophosphates ; Parkinsonian Disorders ; Polychlorinated Biphenyls ; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds ; Semiconductors ; Sodium Fluoride ; Solvents ; Taiwan ; Thallium ; Tin ; Toluene ; Urethane

Occupational neurotoxic diseases have become increasingly common in Taiwan due to industrialization. Over the past 40 years, Taiwan has transformed from an agricultural society to an industrial society. The most common neurotoxic diseases also changed from organophosphate poisoning to heavy metal intoxication, and then to organic solvent and semiconductor agent poisoning. The nervous system is particularly vulnerable to toxic agents because of its high metabolic rate. Neurological manifestations may be transient or permanent, and may range from cognitive dysfunction, cerebellar ataxia, Parkinsonism, sensorimotor neuropathy and autonomic dysfunction to neuromuscular junction disorders. This study attempts to provide a review of the major outbreaks of occupational neurotoxins from 1968 to 2012. A total of 16 occupational neurotoxins, including organophosphates, toxic gases, heavy metals, organic solvents, and other toxic chemicals, were reviewed. Peer-reviewed articles related to the electrophysiology, neuroimaging, treatment and long-term follow up of these neurotoxic diseases were also obtained. The heavy metals involved consisted of lead, manganese, organic tin, mercury, arsenic, and thallium. The organic solvents included n-hexane, toluene, mixed solvents and carbon disulfide. Toxic gases such as carbon monoxide, and hydrogen sulfide were also included, along with toxic chemicals including polychlorinated biphenyls, tetramethylammonium hydroxide, organophosphates, and dimethylamine borane. In addition we attempted to correlate these events to the timeline of industrial development in Taiwan. By researching this topic, the hope is that it may help other developing countries to improve industrial hygiene and promote occupational safety and health care during the process of industrialization.
Arsenic ; Ataxia ; Carbon Disulfide ; Carbon Monoxide ; Cerebellar Diseases ; Delivery of Health Care ; Developing Countries ; Dimethylamines ; Disease Outbreaks ; Electrophysiology ; Gases ; Hexanes ; Hydrogen Sulfide ; Manganese ; Metals, Heavy ; Nervous System ; Neuroimaging ; Neurologic Manifestations ; Neuromuscular Junction Diseases ; Neurotoxins ; Occupational Diseases ; Occupational Health ; Organophosphate Poisoning ; Organophosphates ; Parkinsonian Disorders ; Polychlorinated Biphenyls ; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds ; Semiconductors ; Sodium Fluoride ; Solvents ; Taiwan ; Thallium ; Tin ; Toluene ; Urethane

PURPOSE: Severe hypoglycemia can result in neural damage, impaired cognitive function, coma, seizures, or death. The decision to admit diabetic patients after initial treatment in the emergency department remains unclear. Our purpose is to identify risk factors for developing recurrent hypoglycemia in diabetic patients admitted for severe hypoglycemia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed the records of 233 subjects (92 males, 141 females; mean age, 74.1 +/- 9.8 years) with type 2 diabetes treated at a tertiary care teaching hospital and hospitalized for severe hypoglycemia. RESULTS: Seventy-four (31.8%) patients were categorized with recurrent hypoglycemia and 159 (68.2%) with non-recurrent. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that patients with loss of a recent meal, coronary artery disease, infection, and poor renal function (lower estimated glomerular filtration rate) were at risk for recurrent hypoglycemia. The use of calcium-channel blockers appeared to be a protective factor for the development of recurrent hypoglycemia. CONCLUSION: There may be a subset of patients with severe hypoglycemia and certain risk factors for recurrent hypoglycemia that should be admitted.
Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Calcium Channel Blockers/adverse effects/therapeutic use ; Coronary Artery Disease/complications ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications ; Female ; Glomerular Filtration Rate ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Hypoglycemia/*etiology/*prevention & control ; Kidney Diseases/complications ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Multivariate Analysis ; Recurrence ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors

No abstract available.
Hemangioendothelioma* ; Neck*

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The epidemiology and impact of headache disorders are only partially documented for Asian countries. We investigated the prevalence and impact of migraine and tension-type headache - which are the two most common primary headache disorders - in a Korean population. METHODS: A stratified random population sample of Koreans older than 19 years was selected and evaluated using a 29-item, semistructured interview. The questionnaire was designed to classify headache types according to the criteria of the International Classification of Headache Disorders, second edition, including migraine and tension-type headache. The questionnaire also included items on basic demographics such as age, gender, geographical region, education level, and income, and the impact of headache on the participant. RESULTS: Among the 1507 participants, the 1-year prevalence of all types of headaches was 61.4% (69.9% in women and 52.8% in men). The overall prevalence rates of migraine and tension-type headaches were 6.1% (9.2% in women and 2.9% in men) and 30.8% (29.3% in women and 32.2% in men), respectively. The prevalence of migraine peaked at the age of 40-49 years in women and 19-29 years in men. In contrast to migraine, the prevalence of tension-type headache was not influenced by either age or gender. Among individuals with migraine and tension-type headache, 31.5% and 7% reported being substantially or severely impacted by headache, respectively (Headache Impact Test score > or =56). Overall, 13.4% of all headache sufferers reported being either substantially or severely impacted by headache. CONCLUSIONS: The 1-year prevalence rates of migraine and tension-type headache in the studied Korean population were 6.1% and 30.8%, respectively. One-third of migraineurs and some individuals with tension-type headache reported being either substantially or severely impacted by headache.
Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Demography ; Female ; Headache ; Headache Disorders ; Headache Disorders, Primary ; Humans ; Korea ; Male ; Migraine Disorders ; Prevalence ; Tension-Type Headache ; Surveys and Questionnaires

Hypoglycemia is a common finding in both daily clinical practice and acute care settings. The causes of severe hypoglycemia (SH) are multi-factorial and the major etiologies are iatrogenic, infectious diseases with sepsis and tumor or autoimmune diseases. With the advent of aggressive lowering of HbA1c values to achieve optimal glycemic control, patients are at increased risk of hypoglycemic episodes. Iatrogenic hypoglycemia can cause recurrent morbidity, sometime irreversible neurologic complications and even death, and further preclude maintenance of euglycemia over a lifetime of diabetes. Recent studies have shown that hypoglycemia is associated with adverse outcomes in many acute illnesses. In addition, hypoglycemia is associated with increased mortality among elderly and non-diabetic hospitalized patients. Clinicians should have high clinical suspicion of subtle symptoms of hypoglycemia and provide prompt treatment. Clinicians should know that hypoglycemia is associated with considerable adverse outcomes in many acute critical illnesses. In order to reduce hypoglycemia-associated morbidity and mortality, timely health education programs and close monitoring should be applied to those diabetic patients presenting to the Emergency Department with SH. ED disposition strategies should be further validated and justified to achieve balance between the benefits of euglycemia and the risks of SH. We discuss relevant issues regarding hypoglycemia in emergency and critical care settings.
Diabetes Mellitus/drug therapy ; Humans ; Hypoglycemia/blood/*chemically induced/*complications/epidemiology ; Hypoglycemic Agents/adverse effects/therapeutic use ; Insulin/adverse effects/therapeutic use