Respiration is an important physiological process. The detection of th e respiratory signal is a main part of the modern wardship. This paper discusses the detection methods of the respiratory signal and compares their performances and application ranges.

Objective To establish a method for determination of polysaccharide from the leaves of Sorbus tianschanica Rupr.and its bacteriostatic action. Methods Phenol-sulfuric acid method was used for extraction and determination of polysaccharides in Sorbus tianschanica Rupr. Its antibacterial action was studied by control experiment. Results Average content of polysaccharides in Sorbus tianschanica Rupr was 2.56%.The polysaccharides exerted bacteriostatic effect, especially on Bacillus subtilis. Conclusion The method is simple and accurate, and can provide theoretical basis and reference for relative research of Sorbus tianschanica Rupr.

Research progress of noninvasive continuous blood pressure measurement methods is presented in this paper. The principles and characteristics of such methods are introduced as arterial tonometry, volume-compensation method, pulse wave velocity method and blood pressure measurement method using characteristic parameters of pulse wave. The perspective of noninvasive continuous blood pressure measurement is also mentioned.

This paper describes a new method of temperature measurement in microwave field. This method resolves a series of problems such as the microwave field suppression, the linearization of the temperature sensor and the sensor exchangeability.
Electricity ; Equipment Design ; Humans ; Hyperthermia, Induced ; instrumentation ; methods ; Linear Models ; Microwaves ; therapeutic use ; Neoplasms ; therapy

BACKGROUND: Status epilepticus can result in neuronal injury.OBJECTIVE: To observe the mitochondrial ultrastructural damage and the changes of Fas, Bax and Caspase-3 expressions in hippocampal CA3 neurons of rats of different kindling, so as to provide theoretical evidence for the neuronal injury after epilepsy.DESIGN: A randomized c ntrol animal experiment.SETTINGS: Department of Neurology and Department of Anesthesiology,Qilu Hospital of Shandong University.MATERIALS: The experiments were carried out in the pathological laboratory of Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences between March and July2005. Totally 150 adult male SD rats of 260-300 g were provided by the experimental animal center of Shandong University (SCXK20030004), they were raised at room temperature and were free to the access of food and water.METHODS: The adult male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were divided into intraperitoneal injection of kainic acid group and caudal venous injection of kainic acid group respectively ac cording to the method of random number table, and the rats were administrated by kainic acid injected intraperitoneally (12 mg/kg) and via caudal vein (10 mg/kg) respectively. Each group was divided into 5 subgroups, which were 3, 6, 24, 48 and 72 hours after status epilepticus groups respectively. Twelve successfully induced rats were selected from each subgroup, hippocampi were removed at different time points after the termination of status epilepticus, 2 were used for examination under electron microscope, 5 for the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) detection of Fas and Bax, and 5 for the immunohistochemical assay of Caspase-3. Another 12 rats were used as normal controls without any treatment. The materials were taken at24 hours after corresponding status epilepticus in the control group, and the specific distributions were the same as those in the subgroups. The mitochondrial structure was observed under electron microscope, the levels of Fas and Bax mRNA were detected with semi-quantitative RT-PCR, and the expression of Caspase-3 protein was determined with the immunohistochemical assay.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: ① Results of ultrathin section under transmission electron mcroscope; ② RT-PCR results; ③ Immunohistochemical results.RESULTS: Totally 132 rats were involved in the analysis of results. ①Mitochondrial structure under electron microscope: In the intraperitoneal injection group, the mitochondria swelled, and the neurons showed characters of apoptosis. In the caudal venous injection group, the mitochondria swelled, and accompanied by the membranous collapse, and the neurons manifested the necrosis. ② No expression of Fas and Bax was detected in the control group and caudal venous injection. In the intraperitoneal injection group, Fas expression appeared at 6 hours after status epilepticus, increased at 24 hours, reached the peak value at 48 hours, and lasted till 72 hours. ③ The Caspase-3 expressions began to increase 6 hours after status epilepticus in both the intraperitoneal injection group and caudal venous injection group(10.27±0.34, 15.21±0.34; P ＜ 0.001), and reached the peak values at 24 hours (25.36±0.47, 28.23±0.47; P ＜ 0.001); The higher expression of Caspase-3 lasted till 72 hours in the intraperitoneal injection group, but sharply decreased in the caudal venous injection group.CONCLUSION: Two different methods of administration result in different severity of mitochondrial damage and different expressions of Fas, Bax and Caspase-3, which further determines the molecular mechanisms of neuronal death.

BACKGROUND:Fracture healing is the coupling interaction of osteoblasts and osteoclasts that promotes bone growth, in which osteoblast-mediated bone resorption and osteoclasts-mediated bone reconstruction make the bone reconstruction in a dynamic equilibrium to promote bone growth. However, the majorities of the current studies focus on osteogenic or osteoclastic mechanism alone, and ignore the interaction mechanism between these two cels under co-existing conditions.
OBJECTIVE:To investigate the effects of Kidney Chinese Herbs on osteoblasts and osteoclasts coupling of osteoprotegerin-receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB ligand-receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB and its mechanism of action in fracture treatment.
METHODS: Mouse osteoblasts and osteoclasts were isolated and cultured in vitro to establish the mouse “osteoblast-osteoclast co-culture system” as a research platform. Then, Kidney Chinese Herbs at doses of 1.25, 2.5, 6.25 g/(kg?d) were given intragastricaly for 7 consecutive days. Mice in the blank control group were fed with the same volume of normal saline.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:The alkaline phosphatase activity in osteoblasts co-cultured with osteoclasts was significantly higher than that in osteoblasts cultured alone at 24 hours of culture (P < 0.05). Real-time PCR showed that in the co-culture system, the expression of alkaline phosphatase, Runt related transcription factor 2 and osteoprotegerin were increased in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.05). Western blot assay showed 6.25 g/(kg?d) Kidney Chinese Herbs could dramaticaly promote the expression of osteoprotegerin and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB ligand, but restrained the expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB (P < 0.05). These findings indicate that Kidney Chinese Herbs can dynamicaly regulate the osteoprotegerin-receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB ligand-receptor activator signaling pathway, and has a positive effect to promote bone reconstruction and rehabilitation.

Objective To understand the cognition of clinical medical postgraduates' professional ethics,in order to provide the basis for the further development of graduate professional ethics education.Methods The survey was carried out among 650 graduate students of the first hospital of Jilin University by self-designed questionnaires.The questionnaires included the general situation and the understanding of professional ethics of medicine.All data were analyzed by SPSS 17.0,using Chi-square test to compare the results in different grades about the understanding of professional ethics.Results In this study,a total of 650 questionnaires were issued,and 629 valid questionnaires were collected with a recovery rate of 96.7％.Most graduates' professional values were in line with the socialist core values.For example,for the attitude of medical workers to accept red envelopes,410 graduate students (65.2％) firmly opposed to accepting this behavior.For the purpose of the study medicine,there was no statistically significant difference among different grades (P=0.273).For the attitude of red paper,the main problem in medical ethics education and the biggest factor for graduates,there was statistically significant difference among different grades (P=0.012,P=0.002,P=0.002,respectively).Conclusion At present,the professional ethics of postgraduates in clinical medicine is in good condition,but still needs to be improved.We can give further education and guidance to students for the problems existing in graduate students of different grades.

BACKGROUND: The change of the axial angle of the lower limb is related to the occurrence and development of osteoarthritis.OBJECTIVE: To analyze the correlation between the change of lower limb power line and pain area in the knee osteoarthritis patients.METHODS: Totally 65 knee osteoarthritis patients were selected as pain group and 30 healthy people were selected as control group. All the participants took anteroposterior and lateral knee radiographs through PACS imaging systems to collect six imaging indexes, including install index, the degree of tibiofemoral joint subluxation, tibiofemoral inside and outside joint clearance ratio, femoral angle, tibial angle and tibiofemoral angle. Knee osteoarthritis patients in pain group were divided into two common clinical pain areas which were proparea and medial area.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The insall index, the degree of tibiofemoral joint subluxation, tibiofemoral inside andoutside joint clearance ratio between knee osteoarthritis patients in pain group and people in healthy control group hadsignificant differences. There was no statistical significance in the femoral angle, tibial angle and tibiofemoral angle. (2) In terms of the comparison between proparea and medial area in knee osteoarthritis patients in pain group, tibiofemoral joint subluxation degree was statistically different. (3) These findings suggest that there was a higher patella in knee osteoarthritis patients who were in pain, more severe in the degree of tibiofemoral joint subluxation, and more limited in tibiofemoral inside and outside joint clearance ratio. The degree of tibiofemoral joint subluxation of proparea was more severe than medial area in pain group.

Objective To observe the expressions of Clara cell secretary protein (CC16) mRNA and protein in senile rats. Methods The histological changes, the level of CC16 mRNA in lung tissue and CC16 protein in terminal bronchioles and respiratory bronchioles were measured in 10 senile rats (at the age of 26 months) and compared with 7 young rats (aged 3 months). Results The epithelial cells lined up irregularly in respiratory bronchioles and mild emphysema were found in the senile group. Compared with young group,the level of CC16 mRNA was decreased[(0.08v1.71) vs (10. 02?4. 66) , P

Objective To discuss the less invasive stabilization system(LISS)in treatment of fractures around the knee joint.Methods Between February 2002 and December 2005,103 cases of periarticular fractures of knee joint were treated with LISS in our department.There were 58 cases of comminuted distal femoral fracture and 45 cases of comminuted proximal tibia fracture.Follow-ups were conducted once per week during the first four weeks and once per month in the following months to observe whether such complications as loosening of internal fixators and nail breakage would occur.Results All the cases were followed up for a mean time of 16.5 months(range, 6 to 27 months).Loosening and breakage of internal fixation was found in only one case,while others obtained bony union.In fractures of types A and C,the knee range of motion varied from 95?to 145?(average,130?)and 85?to 140?(average,110?)in flexion respectively.HSS score:excellent in 84 cases(81.6%),good in 15 cases (14.6%),fair in three cases(2.9%),and poor in one case(0.9%).Conclusions The LISS can be the best choice for the treatment of periarticular fractures around the knee joint,but we should take care to implant the plate and screws in a proper position and direction and avoid early weight-bearing.In application of the 13-hole plate, large incision should be made to approach the distal tibia for fear of damaging the superficial peroneal nerve.