Objective To observe the effect of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) combined with borneol on the permeability of the blood-brain barrier to sodium valproate in rats.Methods Fifty-six male,healthy Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into a control group which received an intraperitoneal injection of sodium valproate (0.1 g/kg),an HBO-1 group to which HBO was administered 0.5 hours before an equivalent injection of sodium valproate,an HBO-2 group where the HBO and sodium valproate were administered together,an HBO-3 group which received HBO 0.5 hours after the injection,a low dosage borneol group (L-borneol) which received 0.125 g/kg of borneol by oral perfusion 0.5 hours before an injection of sodium valproate (0.1 g/kg),a high dosage borneol group which received 0.25 g/kg of borneol 0.5 hours before an injection of sodium valproate (0.1 g/kg) and a combined group which received the HBO-3 group's treatment supplemented with the borneol dose of the L-borneol group.There were 8 rats in each group.Blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were collected 1.5 h after the sodium valproate injection and the concentrations of sodium valproate were measured by high performance liquid chromatography.Results Compared with the control group,the CSF concentrations of sodium valproate in the HBO-2 and HBO-3 groups had increased significantly more (to 97.43 ± 12.09 mg/L and 100.10 ± 13.54 mg/L respectively).The ratios of the CSF to plasma (C/P) concentrations had also increased significantly more.The CSF concentration of sodium valproate in the H-borneol group (91.09 ± 9.45 mg/L) and the C/P ratio (0.577 ± 0.051) had increased significantly more than in the control group.Compared with the L-borneol group,there were significantly greater increases in the HBO-3 group and the combined group in the concentration of sodium valproate in the rats' CSF.Compared with the HBO-3 group,the average concentration of sodium valproate in the CSF of the combined group (112.43 ± 11.52 mg/L) and the C/P ratio (0.698 ±0.058) had increased significantly more.There was no significant difference among the groups in the plasma concentrations of sodium valproate.Conclusions HBO can increase the permeability of the blood-brain barrier to sodium valproate,at least in rats.Combining HBO with a low dose of borneol has an additional effect.

A quantitative analysis method based on solid phase extraction-ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (SPE-UPLC-MS/MS) for simultaneous determination of illicit drugs and their metabolites in wastewater was established. Samples filtered at pH of 2 and spiked with internal standard were loaded to Oasis Prime MCX cartridges for solid-phase extraction. The samples were washed with 4 mL of methanol and eluted with 4 mL of 5% ammonia in acetonitrile before reconstituting with 0.1% formic acid/water solution. ZORBAX Eclipse Plus C18 column was used for chromatography, and gradient elution was performed with 0.1% formic acid/water solution and acetonitrile as mobile phase. The samples were then detected by electrospray ionization (ESI) in positive ion mode, and multiple reaction monitoring mode (MRM) was adopted for quantitative analysis. All analytes had a good linear relationship (r ≥ 0.993 2) within the range of their respective standard curve; the limit of quantification was 1 ng/L (except amphetamine at 2.5 ng/L); the extraction recovery ranged from 82.13% to 99.96%; and the intra- and inter-day precisions were less than 9.43%. The method is accurate, reliable and reproducible, and is suitable for the quantitative determination of illicit drugs and their metabolites in wastewater and can provide an analytical method for real-time monitoring of drug abuse.

This study was performed to determine the metabolic profile of four amide synthetic cannabinoids that recently abused, i.e., ADB-4en-PINACA, 4CN-CUMYL-BUTINACA, 5F-EMB-PICA and 4F-MDMB-BUTICA, in human liver microsomes (HLMs). The four amide synthetic cannabinoids were added to the microsomal incubation model, being incubated for 10 min, 60 min or 3 h to simulate human hepatic metabolism.Liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS) analytical instrument was employed to determine and speculate the structure of phase I metabolites and their possible metabolic pathways.The results showed that there were 27 phase I metabolic pathways for the four amide synthetic cannabinoids, including hydroxylation, carboxylation, N-dealkylation and ester hydrolysis, with the main phase I metabolic pathways of ester hydrolysis, dihydrodiol (pentenyl tail), oxidative defluorination to carboxylic acid, monohydroxylation (alkyl side chain or indole/indazole ring) and N-dealkylation.The results of this study may provide potential detection markers for forensic identification and sewage abuse assessment of the four amide synthetic cannabinoids.

Objective: To investigate the implementation of GBZ/T 201.3-2014 Radiation Shielding Specification for Radiotherapy Room--Part 3: Radiotherapy Room of γ-ray Sources (hereinafter referred to GBZ/T 201.3-2014). Methods: A total of 129 personnels, who were involved in the approval and supervision of radiation diagnosis and treatment construction projects in 19 provincial administrative agencies, engaged in radiation protection testing and evaluation of γ-ray radiotherapy rooms in radiation health technology service institutions, and used GBZ/T 201.3-2014 in other institutions (environmental impact assessment, education and scientific research), were selected as the participants using a stratified random sampling method. A questionnaire survey was conducted to assess their awareness and application of the standard. Results: The participants' awareness of GBZ/T 201.3-2014 was ≥63.6%, but the training rate was only 9.1% to 50.0%. The familiarity with the various chapters of the standard was over 86.4%. And 42.6% of the participants reported using the standard at least once a year. Regarding the applicability of the standard, all of the participants believed that the standard meets the needs of approval, supervision, testing, or evaluation, and adapts to the updated development of radiotherapy equipment and technology. And 94.6% of the participants believed that the use of the standard could improve the level of protection design and management, and 92.2% believed that the standard was widely applied. Regarding the adequacy of the standard, 97.7% of the participants believed that the standard's reference for ambient dose equivalent rate was reasonable, while 34.1% believed that the standard needs revision. Conclusion: The participants are satisfied with the standard and believe its applicability. They have a good level of awareness of the standard, but there is a room for improvement in their familiarity with the shielding calculation related content of the standard. The promotion, training, and practicality of the standard need to be strengthened.

In this study,we developed a novel on-line solid phase extraction (SPE)-ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS)-based analytical method for simulta-neously quantifying 12 illicit drugs and metabolites (methamphetamine,amphetamine,morphine,co-deine,6-monoacetylmorphine,benzoylecgonine,3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine,3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine,cocaine,ketamine,norketamine,and methcathinone) and cotinine(COT) in wastewater samples.The analysis was performed by loading 2 mL of the sample onto an Oasis hydrophilic-lipophilic balance cartridge and using a cleanup step (5％ methanol) to eliminate interference with a total run time of 13 min.The isotope-labeled internal standard method was used to quantify the target substances and correct for unavoidable losses and matrix effects during the on-line SPE process.Typical analytical characteristics used for method validation were sensitivity,linearity,precision,repeatability,recovery,and matrix effects.The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ)of each target were set at 0.20 ng/L and 0.50 ng/L,respectively.The linearity was between 0.5 ng/L and 250 ng/L,except for that of COT.The intra-and inter-day precisions were ＜10.45％ and 25.64％,respec-tively,and the relative recovery ranged from 83.74％ to 162.26％.The method was used to analyze various wastewater samples from 33 cities in China,and the results were compared with the experimental re-suits of identical samples analyzed using off-line SPE.The difference rate was between 19.91％and-20.44％,and the error range could be considered acceptable.These findings showed that on-line SPE is a suitable alternative to off-line SPE for the analysis of illicit drugs in samples.