Objective:To assess the effectiveness of free vascularized bone flap transfer for treatment of advanced osteoradionecrosis of the mandible (ORNM). Methods:We reviewed 53 patients who were treated for ORNM by radical resection and reconstruction with free vascularized bone flaps in our institute between January 2003 and January 2015. Results:Among the 53 vascularized bone flap patients, 48 (90.57%) had fibula osteocutaneous and 5 (9.43%) had deep circumflex iliac artery (DCIA). Postoperative complications occurred in 5 (10.42%) of the 48 fibula osteocutaneous patients (4 cases of vein thrombosis and 1 case of arterial crisis). In three of these patients, flap was salvaged back to normal in a timely manner by vascular exploratory surgery. However, pectoralis major myocutaneous flap was conducted as a second procedure for the other two patients. Meanwhile, complications occurred in 2 (40%) of the 5 DCIA transfer patients (1 case of vein thrombosis and 1 case of arterial crisis). None of these two flaps was salvaged back. Necrosis transfer bone was finally removed. No obvious donor site complications were noted. The mean follow-up time was 28 months. Our results showed that 88.57%of the patients with ORNM were stable, 85.71%of the patients can open their mouth at 2-3 figures, 85.72%of the patients can eat soft or semi-liquid food, and 80%patients can speak clearly and can be understood by others around them. No significant difference was found in mouth opening and face type of the patients with or without the intact condyle. However, the temporomandibular joint area discomfort of the patients with intact condyle was obviously less than that of patients with removed condyle. Conclusion:Radical resection, followed by vascularized bone flaps, especially fibula osteocutaneous, is still the best way to treat ORNM, as long as the indications are chosen appropriately, intraoperative work is conducted properly, and postoperative complications are controlled.

Objective:To review our patients who underwent cranio-maxillofacial resection in the recent 10 years and explore the indication of the operation. Methods:From 2003 to 2013, 116 patients underwent cranio-maxillofacial resection in our department for the treatment of tumors involving the skull base. Tumors that involved the skull base were divided into 3 types according to skull base invasions shown in the coronal planes of CT and MRI scans. Type 1 tumor was adjacent to the skull base with free bone (n=45), type 2 tumor involved the skull base with intact dura (n=30), and type 3 tumor involved dura with free brain (n=41). All patients underwent cranio-maxillofacial resection by oral and maxillofacial surgeons and neurosurgeons. The defects after cranio-maxillofacial resection were reconstructed immediately with adjacent local or regional flaps (n=62) and free vascularized flap (n=54) according to different de-fects, respectively. Results:Cranio-maxillofacial resection was successfully performed in all patients. No intraoperative complication was found. The overall success rate of soft tissue flaps and free flaps was 98.3%and 96.4%, respectively. Three patients with intracrani-al infection (n=2) and bleeding in the internal carotid artery were dead postoperatively even though they underwent salvage surgery. The overall rate of complications was 14.7%, and the dead rate was 2.6%. Recurrence or distant metastasis was found in 36 patients dur-ing the follow-up period. Conclusion: For the indication of cranio-maxillofacial resection, the balance between tumor resection and postoperative function, survival rate, and quality of life should always be considered. This technique includes the balance between func-tion and form, survival and quality of life, donor and recipient sites, and primary and secondary functions.

Objective To review our patients who underwent reconstruction of the defect after combined cranio-maxillo-facial resection in recent years.Methods From January,2005 to January,2011,88 patients underwent reconstruction of the defect after combined cranio-maxillo-facial resection.Different reconstructive techniques were used according to the defect classifications in dura,skull base bone,and facial tissues.For dural defects,no repair (37 cases),primary closure (25 cases),and dural repair (26 cases) were performed,respectively.Dural repair materials included thigh fascia lata (2 cases),temporalis fascia (2 cases),pericranium (1 case) and artificial dural patch (21 cases).Bone reconstruction of the skull base were performed in 61 patients with titanium mesh (57 cases),free iliac bone graft (1 case),free cranial bone graft (2 cases) and Medpor (1 case),respectively.Limited facial soft and hard tissue defects in 44 patients were reconstructed with temporalis system of flaps (36 cases),sternocleidomastoid myocutaneous flap (6 cases),and pterygoid muscle flap (2 cases),respectively.Extensive facial soft and hard tissue defects in 44 patients were reconstructed with free latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap (26 cases),free pectoralis major myocutaneous flap (12 cases),free anterolateral thigh perforator flap (5 cases cases) and free anteromedial thigh perforator flap (1 case),respectively.Results The overall success rate of 88 flaps was 100％.Cerebrospinal fluid leak was found in 4 patients,wound infection was found in 2 patients,intracranial infection was found in 2 patients,respectively.Six patients with cerebrospinal fluid leak or wound infection were cured by conservative treatment.Two patients with intracranial infection were dead although they underwent salvage surgery.Overall rate of complications was 9.1％,dead rate was 2.3％.Conclusion Successful reconstruction of the defect after combined cranio-maxillo-facial resection can be achieved by watertight dural repair,bone reconstruction of the skull base and well-vascularized tissue covered.Regional flap and free tissue transfer are both preferred reconstructive technique depending on the anatomic site and the extent of the defect.

Objective:To analyze the clinical manifestations, radiographic features, and pathological classification of the juvenile ossifying fibroma (JOF) of the jaws and discuss its clinical management and prognosis. Methods: From January 2005 to December 2014, 15 patients with JOF who underwent surgery were retrospectively investigated with regard to clinical and radiologic data. On the basis of the standards of the World Health Organization in 2005, JOF was divided into juvenile psammomatoid ossifying fibroma (JPOF) and juvenile trabecular ossifying fibroma (JTOF). Results:Among the 15 patients, 10 were female and 5 were male. Patient age ranged from 7 years old to 18 years old with a mean of 10.93 years old. Nine cases were located in the mandible and 6 in the maxilla. The clinical manifestation was painless swelling of the jaw, but 20%of the cases showed jaw swelling with pain. Various JOF radiolog-ic appearances, such as radiolucent, mixed radiopaque-radiolucent, or ground-glass pattern, were observed. Ten of the 15 patients were JTOF and 5 were JPOF With regard to treatment, 4 patients underwent conservative surgery, 3 patients lived with tumors, and 11 pa-tients underwent radical surgery during the follow-up period; no lesion recurrence occurred. Nine patients underwent reconstruction, that is, 5 cases with fibula flap graft, 3 cases with free iliac graft, and 1 case with costal cartilage graft. Conclusion:JOF is a rare form of benign fibro-osseous lesions and occurs in adolescents. Mandible and maxilla are two of the most common locations. Early diagnosis and treatment and strict clinical and radiological follow-up is important in the clinic because of the aggressiveness and high recurrence rate of JOF. Operation time and treatment options should be selected according to the patients' specific situation.

Objective: To compare the difference of infrared radiation temperature on body surface of points between healthy people and patients with hyperplasia of mammary glands. Method: The thermaCATMT P30 infrared thermal imaging system was selected to measure the infrared radiation temperature on body surface of eight points in four meridians in 74 patients with hyperplasia of mammary glands and 63 healthy people. Results: The infrared radiation temperatures on body surface of right Youmen (KI 21) in cases with hyperplasia of mammary glands were significantly higher than the healthy people (P=0.009), and the infrared radiation temperatures on left Youmen (KI 21) and other points had no significant difference with healthy people (P>0.05). Conclusion: The infrared radiation temperatures on body surface of right Youmen (KI 21) have significant differences with healthy people. This might occur because of the pathogenesis of hyperplasia of mammary glands and of the specificity of the point Youmen (KI 21).

Objective:To investigate the potential prognostic value of cyclin D1 expression in patients with locally advanced oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and its relationship with taxol (Docetaxel)/cisplatin plus 5-fluorouracil (TPF) induction chemothera-py. Methods:A total of 256 patients with locally advanced OSCC were selected from Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital of Shanghai Ji-ao Tong University School of Medicine between March 2008 and December 2010 as the objects of study in this prospective randomized clinical trial. The effect of TPF induction chemotherapy was investigated. Immunohistochemical staining against cyclin D1 was per-formed in the pretreatment biopsy specimen of the patients. The relationship between cyclin D1 expression and prognostic data of the TPF induction arm and control arm was analyzed. Results:Cyclin D1 expression was detected in 232 out of the 256 patients. Patients with low cyclin D1 expression showed significantly better overall survival (OS) (P=0.001), disease-free survival (DFS) (P=0.003), lo-coregional recurrence-free survival (LRFS) (P=0.004), and distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS) (P=0.001) than those with high cy-clin D1 expression. No significant differences existed in OS, DFS, LRFS, or DMFS between the patients with TPF induction chemother-apy and the control. Cyclin D1 expression levels were not predictive of the benefit from TPF induction chemotherapy in the overall pop-ulation. However, patients with nodal stage cN2 and high cyclin D1 expression, who were undergoing TPF chemotherapeutic regimen, showed significantly higher OS (P=0.024) and DMFS (P=0.024) than cN2 patients with high cyclin D1 expression but undergoing stan-dard surgical treatment. Conclusion:Cyclin D1 can be used as a prognostic biomarker for patients with locally advanced OSCC. Fur-thermore, cN2 OSCC patients with high cyclin D1 expression can receive long-term benefit from the addition of TPF induction chemo-therapy to standard surgical treatment.

Objective:To analyze survival in patients with advanced oral cancer from prospective clinical trials. Methods:From 2008 to 2010, 256 patients with oral cancer at clinical stage III/IVA were randomly categorized into two groups. Patients in the experi-mental group received neo-adjuvant chemotherapy, surgery, and post-operative radiation, and patients in the control group underwent surgery and post-operative radiation. All patients were routinely followed-up after treatments. Survival was analyzed using Kaplan–Meier method and log-rank test, and differences were considered statistically significant at P value lower than 0.05. Results: Each group was composed of 128 patients. With the median follow-up period of 60 months, the 5-year overall survival rate was 61.7%and the disease-free survival rate was 53.9%. The overall survival rate (P=0.350) and the disease-free survival rate (P=0.160) were not sig-nificantly different between the experimental and control groups. Patients with positive pathological response to neo-adjuvant chemo-therapy exhibited significantly improved overall survival (P＜0.05). Conclusion:Radical surgery should be emphasized to improve the prognosis of oral cancer. Functional reconstruction could also improve the quality of life and survival of patients. Despite that neo-adju-vant chemotherapy could not improve the survival of patients with advanced oral cancer in entirety, it could benefit patients exhibiting positive treatment responses.

Objective To investigate the clinical treatment of patients with refractory plasma cell mastitis by fistulectomy combined with nipple correction,observe its clinical efficacy,and analyze its clinical practicability.Methods Nine patients with refractory plasma cell mastitis were treated from August in 2020 to March in 2022.Before operation,fistulectomy and nipple correction were performed after the local inflammation was controlled by oral Chinese medicine.After operation,routine surgical dressing changes were performed,and the clinical efficacy,satisfaction evaluation of postoperative breast appearance and recurrence rate were observed.Results All the nine patients were cured after operation and they were satisfied with their breast shape,and there was no recurrence within one year after operation.Conclusion Fistulectomy combined with nipple correction is a safe and effective method for the treatment of patients with refractory plasma cell mastitis.

Supermicrosurgery is a hot topic in the field of microsurgery and reconstruction. The core concept of supermicrosurgery is precision and minimally invasive, which coincides with the concept of maxillofacial reconstruction. Oral and maxillofacial regions play an important role in aesthetics and function, and the structure of oral and maxillofacial tissues is complex. Various types of flaps, especially vascularised free flaps, are required for the repair of various complex maxillofacial defects. However, at present, conventional microsurgery does meet the requirement of mandibular reconstruction in special cases. Super microsurgical technique can further supplement the deficiency of conventional methods of repair and reconstruction in maxillofacial reconstruction. Under the guidance, many new methods of maxillofacial surgery have inevitably emerged. The application of supermicrosurgery in maxillofacial head and neck is still in its early stage, and there are still many difficulties to overcome and many technical issues to be furtherresolved. Supermicrosurgery is not only an advanced technique, but also an advanced concept in surgery. Supermicrosurgery is expected to show its clinical value in oral and maxillofacial reconstruction. In this paper, the application of supermicrosurgery in maxillofacial reconstruction is reviewed and its application prospect is prospected.

With the increasing proportion of human papilloma virus(HPV)infection in the pathogenic factors of oro-pharyngeal cancer,a series of changes have occurred in the surgical treatment.While the treatment mode has been im-proved,there are still many problems,including the inconsistency between diagnosis and treatment modes,the lack of popularization of reconstruction technology,the imperfect post-treatment rehabilitation system,and the lack of effective preventive measures.Especially in terms of treatment mode for early oropharyngeal cancer,there is no unified conclu-sion whether it is surgery alone or radiotherapy alone,and whether robotic minimally invasive surgery has better func-tional protection than radiotherapy.For advanced oropharyngeal cancer,there is greater controversy over the treatment mode.It is still unclear whether to adopt a non-surgical treatment mode of synchronous chemoradiotherapy or induction chemotherapy combined with synchronous chemoradiotherapy,or a treatment mode of surgery combined with postopera-tive chemoradiotherapy.In order to standardize the surgical treatment of oropharyngeal cancer in China and clarify the indications for surgical treatment of oropharyngeal cancer,this expert consensus,based on the characteristics and treat-ment status of oropharyngeal cancer in China and combined with the international latest theories and practices,forms consensus opinions in multiple aspects of preoperative evaluation,surgical indication determination,primary tumor re-section,neck lymph node dissection,postoperative defect repair,postoperative complication management prognosis and follow-up of oropharyngeal cancer patients.The key points include:① Before the treatment of oropharyngeal cancer,the expression of P16 protein should be detected to clarify HPV status;② Perform enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of the maxillofacial region before surgery to evaluate the invasion of oropharyngeal cancer and guide precise surgical resec-tion of oropharyngeal cancer.Evaluating mouth opening and airway status is crucial for surgical approach decisions and postoperative risk prediction;③ For oropharyngeal cancer patients who have to undergo major surgery and cannot eat for one to two months,it is recommended to undergo percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy before surgery to effectively improve their nutritional intake during treatment;④ Early-stage oropharyngeal cancer patients may opt for either sur-gery alone or radiation therapy alone.For intermediate and advanced stages,HPV-related oropharyngeal cancer general-ly prioritizes radiation therapy,with concurrent chemotherapy considered based on tumor staging.Surgical treatment is recommended as the first choice for HPV unrelated oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma(including primary and re-current)and recurrent HPV related oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma after radiotherapy and chemotherapy;⑤ For primary exogenous T1-2 oropharyngeal cancer,direct surgery through the oral approach or da Vinci robotic sur-gery is preferred.For T3-4 patients with advanced oropharyngeal cancer,it is recommended to use temporary mandibu-lectomy approach and lateral pharyngotomy approach for surgery as appropriate;⑥ For cT1-2N0 oropharyngeal cancer patients with tumor invasion depth＞3 mm and cT3-4N0 HPV unrelated oropharyngeal cancer patients,selective neck dissection of levels ⅠB to Ⅳ is recommended.For cN+HPV unrelated oropharyngeal cancer patients,therapeutic neck dissection in regions Ⅰ-Ⅴ is advised;⑦ If PET-CT scan at 12 or more weeks after completion of radiation shows intense FDG uptake in any node,or imaging suggests continuous enlargement of lymph nodes,the patient should undergo neck dissection;⑧ For patients with suspected extracapsular invasion preoperatively,lymph node dissection should include removal of surrounding muscle and adipose connective tissue;⑨ The reconstruction of oropharyngeal cancer defects should follow the principle of reconstruction steps,with priority given to adjacent flaps,followed by distal pedicled flaps,and finally free flaps.The anterolateral thigh flap with abundant tissue can be used as the preferred flap for large-scale postoperative defects.