Objective To investigate the frequency distribution of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin 9 (PCSK9) gene I474V polymorphisms and their relationship with patients with ischemic stroke (IS)of Uygur and Han ethnic groups in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region.Methods The I474V polymorphism was identified by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCRRFLP) in 407 patients with IS(including 219 Hans and 188 Uygurs)and 425 health controls (including 255 Hans and 170 Uygurs),and some specimens were sequenced.Results (1) Between IS group and control group,the genotypes Ⅱ and Ⅳ had no statistically significant differences in the levels of triglycerides (TG),high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) ; Total cholesterol (TC),low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels had statistically significant differences; LDL-C levels had also statistically significant differences.Between IS and control groups,TC,LDL,HDL-C levels of genotype Ⅱ showed statistically significant difference.In the IS group,TC,LDL-C levels of Ⅳ genotype were significantly higher than the control group,the difference being statistically significant.(2) There was statistically significant difference in the genotype distribution between IS and control groups (9.5％ (77/814) vs 4.5％ (38/850),x2 =16.09,P =0.000).And the distribution of allele frequency was statistically different (18.9％ (77/407) vs 8.9％ (38/425),x2 =17.38,P =0.000).(3) The differences of I474V loci Ⅳ genotype frequency distribution in Xinjiang Uygurs and Hans were statistically significant (27.7％ (52/188) vs 11.4％ (25/219),x2 =17.40,P =0.000; 12.9％ (22/170) vs 6.3％ (16/255),x2 =5.57,P =0.018) ; So did the Ⅴ allele frenquency distribution (13.8％ (52/376) vs 5.7％ (25/438),x2 =15.58,P =0.000; 6.5％ (22/340) vs 3.1％ (16/510),x2 =10.44,P =0.001).(4) There was statistically significant difference in the genotype distribution and allele frenquency distribution between IS group and control group in the Xinjiang Uygurs (27.7％ (52/188) vs 12.9％ (22/170),x2 =11.79,P =0.001 ; 13.8％ (52/376) vs 6.5％ (22/340),x2 =10.44,P =0.001) ; But there was no statistically significant difference in the Hans.Conclusions Ⅱ and Ⅳ genotypes are dominant in the I474V polymorphism loci of PCSK9 gene.The genotype of PCSK9 gene I474V polymorphism is correlated with increasing serum levels of TC and LDL-C.I474V polymorphism is associated with cerebral IS course in Xinjiang region.There is statistically significant difference in the genotype I474V distribution between Uygur and Han groups.I474V polymorphism has a relationship with the occurrence of IS in Xinjiang Uygurs.Ⅳ may be a susceptible genotype and Ⅴ may be a genetic susceptible allele of the Xinjiang Uygurs.

Objective To investigate the related factors for Alzheimer's disease(AD) in Han versus Uygur populations in Uygur Autonomous Region.Methods A case-control study was conducted.Firstly,people over 50 years old were involved in epidemiology inquisition in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region.Then we screened for dementia by MMSE and scrutinized the person who got the score of MMSE for illiteracy(≤17),elementary school(＜20),middle school and above it(＜ 24)by Hachinski Ischemic Score(HIS) and activity of daily living scale(ADL).Finally,AD cases were diagnosed by standard of the national institute of neurologic,communicative disorders and stroke and AD-related disorders association (NINCDS-ADRDA),and controls were selected based on age roughly.Univariate and multivariate analysis of related factors for AD in the two populations were conducted by using logistic regression mode.Results There were 109 AD cases and 218 controls in Han population and 127 AD cases and 254 controls in Uygur population.Logistic regression analysis showed that the risk for AD in Han population was increased by 3.078,1.369 and 2.794 folds respectively in women,people with high level of serum total cholesterol and people with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol as compared with men,people with normal level of serum total cholesterol and people with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(OR =3.078,1.369 and 2.794,respectively,all P＜ 0.05); and the risk for AD in Uygur population was increased by 3.279,3.447,1.407 and 1.746 folds respectively in women,people with brain trauma history,and people with high level of serum triglyceride and total cholesterol as compared with men,people without brain trauma history and with normal level of serum triglyceride and total cholesterol(OR=3.279,3.447,1.407 and 1.746,all P＜ 0.05).Conclusions The study demonstrates that female and high total cholesterol are the risk factors for AD in both of Han and Uygur populations.High level of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol is one of the risk factors for AD in Han population,and brain trauma history and high level of serum triglyceride are risk factors for AD in Uygur population.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the clinical and functional outcome of traumatic segmental defects of the tibia treated by internal bone transport using the the adjustable mono-lateral external fixation.Methods12 patients who underwent internal bone transport using the the adjustable mono-lateral external fixation for traumatic segmental defects in the tibia were reviewed, the length of bone defect was 6～10 cm.ResultsMean follow-up was 14 months. All the cases got primary bone union. The length of time in healing was 9～14 months.ConclusionTraumatic segmental defects of the tibia treated by internal bone transport using the adjustable mono-lateral external fixation is a simple, less traumatic, non-bone graft and effective way.

Objective To investigate the differences of risk factors for ischemic stroke between the Han and Uygur nationalities in Xinjiang China.Methods The data of demography,vascular risk factors,lifestyle as well as blood pressure,blood glucose and blood lipids on admission of 589 patients with stroke (Han 294 cases and Uygur 295 cases) in 5 hospitals from 2007 to 2009 in Xinjiang,China were collected.The exposure levels or the proportion of the risk factors for ischemic stroke between the 2 nationalities were compared.Results The proportions of smoking (18.0％ vs.11.5％,x2 =4.945,P =0.026) and alcohol consumption (37.8％ vs.21.5％,x2 =9.884,P =0.002) in the Han patients were significantly higher than those in the Uygur patients,while the body mass index in the Uygur patients with ischemic stroke was significantly higher than that in the Han patients with ischemic stroke (25.168 kg/m2 vs.24.443 kg/m2,t =2.515,P =0.012).Conclusions The onset of ischemic stroke of the Han people in Xinjiang China may be more associated with the exposure of smoking and alcohol consumption,while the Uighur people may be more associated with the high-fat and high energy intake caused obesity.

Objective To explore the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in WNK1 gene and ischemic stroke in Uygur population. Methods Ten tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (tSNPs) of the WNK1 gene in 295 ischemic stroke patients and 318 control subjects were genotyped,and the association between these tSNPs and ischemic stroke were conducted.The 10 tSNPs were rs3858703, rs11611246, rs7305065, rs1990021, rs34408667, rs12309274, rs1012729, rs956868,rs12828016 and rs953361. They were determined by the Multiplex SNaPshot platform. All data were analyzed using t-test,x2-test and Logistic regression. Linkage disequilibrium and Haplotype were analyzed by Haploview software.Results There were no significant differences between cases (25.6％) and controls(30.0％ ) of the 10 tSNPs in WNK1 gene.When the samples were further stratified according to gender,rs11611246 T allele was found to be associated with a reduced risk of ischemic stroke,with a per-allele OR of 0.448(95％ CI 0.269-0.746,P =0.002) in female cases than in female controls. The significance remained after adjustment for the covariates of age,and for the covariates of age,BMI,cigarette smoking,alcohol drinking,hypertension,diabetes and hyperlipidemia.In addition,no association between the other 9 tSNPs and ischemic stroke were found in Uygur subjects.Conclusion The study reports a new genetic variant,rs11611246,located in the fourth intron of the WNK1 gene,decreasing the risk of ischemic stroke in Uygur population.The T allele might be the protecting factor of ischemic stroke in female Uygur.

BACKGROUND: Three kinds of donor meniscus are commonly used at present, namely cryopreserved, fresh and deep-frozen meniscus, which,however, almost invariably give rise to degenerative changes of various degrees after transplantation.OBJECTIVE: To compare the outcome of transplantation of allograft deep-frozen meniscus and meniscal acellular matrix to determine the most preferable means of allograft meniscus preservation.DESIGN: Randomized controlled experiment with rabbits.SETTING: Department of Orthopedics, Second Hospital Affiliated to Harbin Medical University.MATERIALS: Sixty-four male Japanese white rabbits with body mass of 3.0 - 3.5 kg.METHODS: This experiment was carried out in the Animal Experimental Center, Second Hospital Affiliated to Harbin Medical University between September 2002 and September 2003. Totally 64 adult rabbits were assigned into 32 pairs according to the body weight to served as the donor and the recipient animals, respectively. The medial menisci was obtained from the bilateral knees of the donor animals with the right one cryopreserved at -80 ℃ and the left prepared into acellular matrix for deep-frozen preservation. The donor menisci were respectively transplanted into the corresponding knee joints of the recipient animal's hindlimbs, with the left side taken as the experimental side and right as control. Gross observation,X-ray examination, and histological examination of the tissues were carried out at postoperative 4, 8, 12 and 16 weeks, respectively.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Findings in X-ray, gross observation and histological observation of the grafted meniscus with meniscal measurement and findings in abdominal aorta perfusion.RFSULTS: All the 64 rabbits were observed for result analysis. X-ray examination of the grafted meniscus revealed no obvious changes in either the experimental and control side at 4 and 8 weeks postoperatively, but mild changes occurred on the control side at 12 weeks, which became obvious at 16 weeks, presented by joint space narrowing, hyperostosis and osteosclerosis below the cartilage of varied severities (with scores of 1.3 and 0.6, respectively, P ＜ 0.05). By gross observation, meniscal atrophy on the experimental side was milder and slower than the control side, with al so lower atrophy rate [(15.14±4.62) % vs (20.97±4.72) % at week 4, P ＜ 0.001, and (19.23±11.27) % vs (32.74±10.43) % at week 16, P ＜ 0.05].Perfusion of the abdominal aorta revealed no revascularization in the surrounding tissues of the meniscus by gross observation in either groups, but histologically, the experimental side showed more favorable structure than the control side at postoperative weeks 4, 8, 12 and 16.CONCLUSION: Meniscal acellular matrix may produce better outcome than deep-frozen meniscus after transplantation and can be a more practical means for preservation of the meniscus.

According to the recommended diagnostic criteria of obese adults in Asia-Pacific region,8 284 cases of middle-aged and elderly people in Uygur and Han populations were collected randomly to study the status and distribution characteristics of two nationalities.Standardized prevalences of obesity were 20.1 2%in Uygurs and 23.077%in Hans.Woman in Hans reached the highest prevalence.Alcohol-drinking,abnormal giycometabolism,and serum cholesterol levels were the most relevant risk factors.

Aim To explore the influence of metformin(a first-line drug for type 2 diabetes) on ATP-induced inflammasome activation and the release of interleukin-1β(IL-1β) by LPS-activated peritoneal macrophages, a commonly-used inflammatory cell model.Methods Peritoneal macrophages were elicited by intraperitoneal injection of 30 g·L-1 thioglycollate into C57BL/6 mice.Inflammasome was activated and cell pyroptosis was induced by LPS plus ATP treatment, and the pyroptotic cells were calculated after propidium iodide(PI) staining.The protein levels of IL-1β and caspase-1 expressed in the cells and released from them into the supernatant were evaluated by Western blot.Immunofluorescent microscopy was recruited to detect the subcellular distribution and fluorescent intensity of the purinergic P2X7 receptor(P2X7R).Results Metformin per se did not induce pyroptosis in LPS-activated peritoneal macrophages, but it significantly and dose-dependently increased cell pyroptosis induced by ATP treatment.At protein levels, maturated IL-1β(17 ku) could not be released from the cells upon single LPS or LPS plus metformin stimulation;but after ATP was added, maturated IL-1β was released into the supernatants of the cells.Moreover, metformin dose-dependently increased the protein levels of both maturated IL-1β and active caspase-1 released by the LPS-activated peritoneal macrophages upon ATP stimulation.Conclusion Metformin intensifies the activation of inflammasome and increases the release of active caspase-1 and maturated IL-1β upon ATP stimulation in the LPS-activated peritoneal macrophages, which should promote inflammatory responses.

To investigate the effects of resveratrol (RV) in reprogramming mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and the related mechanism.

Objective To evaluate the application of multi-slice computed tomographic coronary angiography in diagnosis of chronic total occlusion (CTO) of coronary artery.Methods Six hundred and thirty eight patients were diagnosed as CTO disease with coronary angiography (CAG) from June 2011 to December 2012 in Zhongshan Hospital;236 of them received multi-slice computed tomographic coronary angiography in 60 days before.Results In total 708 vessels of the 236 patients,244 vessels were proved totally occluded,128 (52.5％) of which were located in left anterior descending artery,31 (12.7％) were located in left circumflex coronary artery and 85 (34.8％) located in right coronary artery.Multi-slice computed tomographic coronary angiography was superior to CAG in judgment of stump anatomy (64.3％ vs.52.5％,F =7.09,P =0.010),plaque calcification (40.2％ vs.26.2％,F =10.68,P =0.001) and distal vessel interpretability (93.9％ vs.74.6％,F =34.06,P ＜ 0.001).There was no significant difference in judging side branch,tortuosity and lesion length between multi-slice computed tomographic coronary angiography and CAG (all P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion Multi-slice computed tomographic coronary angiography provides more detailed anatomy information of CTO lesions and is of value in diagnosis and treatment of CTO lesions.