The virus family Arenaviridae is a diverse group of RNA viruses and includes the etiologic agents of several emerging zoonoses that are characterized by high case-fatality rates.The purpose of this article is to review the major features of the zoonotic arenaviruses from the angles of their taxonomy and classification,epidemiology and ecology,mode of transmission,clinical signs,prevention and control,etc.Which are important for the reason that viruses causing severe disease in humans are re-emerging somewhere the world.

Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells(BMSCs) have the ability of multi-directional differentiation.In different environments,it can be induced into various blastodermic layer cells,such as osteoblast,chondrocyte and so on.Intervertebral disc degeneration(IDD) is mainly the change of nucleus pulposus cells and extracellular matrix.Nucleus pulposus cell is a chondrocyte-like cell.With the progress of cell bioengineering and molecular biology,the tissue engineering nucleus pulposus cells can be regenerated by BMSCs combined with cell carrier.It can be implanted into intervertebral disc to prevent and reverse IDD.It will be a new way for treating IDD.

Splenectomy for patients with cirrhosis has been well established.However,many issues in relation to postoperative management of these patients remain to be elucidated,mainly including reasons for portal vein thrombosis and anticoagulant use.In light of recent progresses on this topic,the current review summaries and pinpoints influencing factors of portal vein thrombosis,anticoagulant selection and corresponding rationales,monitor measures for anticoagulation,and treatment schemes for bleeding induced by anticoagulation.Our review focuses on issues associated with the selection and withdrawal time of anticoagulant.We conclude that patients undergoing splenectomy can benefit from postoperative anticoagulation,including enhanced postoperative recovery and decreasing incidence of postoperative complications.

BACKGROUND: In vivo and in vitro experiments have demonstrated that polyetheretherketone (PEEK) polymer is the best cervical fusion cage material due to its good biocompatibility, elastic modulus similar to human bone, and satisfactory plasticity and hardness.OBJECTIVE: To assess the outcomes of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) cage filled with nano-artificial bone following anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) in patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy.METHODS: In total 17 patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy were collected from the Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University between May 2007 and September 2009. There were 12 males and 5 females,averaging 55 (range 42-67) years of age. All patients underwent ACDF using PEEK cage filled with nano-artificial bone. Patients'neurological functions were assessed on the basis of Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) scoring system. The distance between the midpoint of the upper end plate and lower end plate was measured as interboby height. Radiographs with the neck in lateral flexion and extension were obtained to evaluate fusion results.RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Seventeen patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy participated in the final analysis.Almost all patients had symptomatic improvement. Within postoperative several days, muscle strength of lower limb was increased, and limb was more flexible after surgery than prior to surgery. At 3 months after surgery, JOA scores were significantly increased compared to prior to surgery, the operated segments were stable and disc space height was satisfactory. In addition, no complications were found, and all cases achieved solid fusion, as confirmed by radiographs. These findings suggest that the immediate stability of the operated segments can be obtained by anchoring PEEK cage, and the nano-artificial bone-filled PEEK cage is safe, simple, and with relatively few complications. It is therefore a good choice for patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy.

Objective To make a clinical summary of the variation of cystic duct so as to collect 20 years of operative experience and to provide evidence for preventing injury of bile duct in laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Methods A retrospective analysis were made for 20 000 patients experienced laparoscopic cholecystectomy in the second affiliated hospital of Chongqing medical university and Chonggang General Hospital from April,1993 to December,2011. Results There were 3 265 cases of cystic duct variation which occupied 16. 33% of the 20 000 patients. And there were 3 200 cases of variation in the junction of cystic duct, 51 cases of short cystic duct;and 14 cases of gall-bladder surrounded by the liver. Most of the variation were found in the junction of cystic duct, including 371 cases (11. 36%) of cystic duct accompanied the common hepatic duct and then made a lower confluence;995 cases (30. 47%) of cystic duct traversed above the com-mon hepatic duct and then made a confluence, 643 cases (19. 69%) of cystic duct traversed below the common hepatic duct and then made a confluence;963 cases (29. 49%) of gallbladder neck attached to the common bile duct;and 228 cases (6. 98%) of higher confluence of cystic duct and common bile duct. Conclusion The rate of cystic duct variation accounted for a high rate, and most of the patients were found with a variation in the junction of cystic duct. Being familiar with the categories of cystic duct, discriminating the anatomic structure carefully, using choledochoscopic examination when necessary, and masterting reasonable time to make a transfer to laparocholecystotomy were reliable methods for coping with the injury of bile duct caused by variation of cystic duct.

Objective To understand the nucleotide and amino acid differences of glycoprotein gene (G gene) between isolated rabies viruses in Henan Province and rabies vaccine strains used for human and animals. Methods G gene sequences of nine rabies viruses isolated from dogs in Xinyang city of Henan Province in December 2006 were amplified by reverse transcriptase (RT)-heminestedpolymerase chain reaction (PCR), and then were cloned and sequenced. The phylogenetic trees were constructed for analyzing the genetic characteristics of these rabies viruses. Results The homology of G gene among the nine isolates from Henan Province was 97.6% - 98.9% at nucleotide level and 99.2%-99.8% at amino acid level. The similarities between these isolates and CTN vaccine strain were 85.6%-93.0% and 91.9%-92.9% at nucleotide and amino acid level, respectively, which were higher than those between these isolates and other vaccine strains (80.4% - 83.3% and 87.7% - 92.5% at nucleotide and amino acid level, respectively). The nine isolates had several amino acid substitutions when compared to other genotype 1 rabies virus strains. Conclusions The nine rabies viruses strains isolated from Henan Province all belong to genotype 1. CTN may be an effective vaccine for preventing rabies in Henan Province.

Objective To discuss the treatment efficacy and radiotherapy side effects of the preoperative long-course radiochemotherapy and preoperative short-course radiotherapy.Methods 64 patients with local advanced middle and low rectal cancer who got the treatment from April 2004 to April 2010 were analyzed retrospectively.40 patients got the preoperative long-course radiochemotherapy under the dose of DT 45-50 Gy/25 F,1.8-2.0 Gy/F,5 F/W,combining with the synchronous capecitabine chemotherapy (1 650 mg/m2,2 F/d,d1-14/d21-35),and accepted operation 4-6 weeks after the radiotherapy.The rest 24 patients underwent the preoperative short-course radiotherapy under the dose of DT 25 Gy/5 F,5 Gy/F,5 F/W,and got the operation in 2 weeks after the radiotherapy.Results The radical and anus reservation rates in preoperative long-course radiochemotherapy group [85.0 ％ (34/40),65.0 ％ (26/40)] were higher than those in preoperative short-course radiotherapy group [58.3 ％ (14/24),33.3 ％ (8/24)] (x2 =5.689,P =0.019;x2 =6.040,P =0.041).There were no significant differences between the two groups on the index of remission rates,radiation injury,surgical complications,and overall survival rate of 1,3,5 years (all P ＞ 0.05).Conclusions The remission rate and overall survival time between the preoperative long-course radiochemotherapy group and preoperative short-course radiotherapy have no significant difference.But the preoperative long-course radiochemotherapy may improve the anus reservation rate and the radical resection rate,without increasing the radiation injury and surgical complications.

Objective To explore the feasibility and superiority of the simple controllable aerocyst pressurization wrapped-up bondage for battlefield first aid in the future high tech local war. Methods The disposable infusion bag is wrapped up in the bottom of the sling in stead of partial surgical dressing. Sphygmomanometer, pressure gauge and heparin hat are connected. Inflate and pressurize the sphygmomanometer and keep the pressure between 3kPa and 5kPa. Results The structure of this bandage is simple and can be operated easily. The pressure is controlled nimblely and conveniently. Except for the accurate effect, it is versatile and inexpensive. In addition, it can be employed in the bone fracture.

Traditionally,splenectomy is the second-line treatment method of primary thrombocytopenic purpura and a choice after the ineffectual treatment of glucocorticoid,but doctors never evaluate the curative effect of splenectomy before the operation and assess the necessity of splenectomy.In light of recent progresses on this topic,the current review summaries and pinpoints traditional application of splenectomy,side effects,new drug,and predicted factors of evaluation of operation,aiming to make accurate splenectomy for idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura.

Objective: To assess the clinical significance of changes in levels of serum β2 microglobulin (β2-MG), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) after treatment. Methods: A total of 89 patients with DLBCL who were admitted to the hospital between February 2015 an July 2017 were included in the DLBCL group and 40 normal, healthy persons admitted during the same period were selected as the control group. All DLBCL patients underwent standard chemotherapy after admission. Peripheral venous blood was collected before and after chemotherapy to determine any changes in serum β2-MG, VEGF, and LDH levels. Biomarker levels were also compared with those from normal, healthy subjects. The clinical and pathological data of all DLBCL patients were collected and the relationships between changes in biomarker levels, clinical and pathological parameters of DLBCL, and curative effects were analyzed. Results: The levels of serum β2-MG, VEGF, and LDH in the DLBCL group were higher than those in the control group (P<0.05) and all levels in DLBCL group decreased after chemotherapy (P<0.05). The effective rate of the R-CHOP group was higher than that of the CHOP group (P<0.05). Serum LDH levels were higher in patients with typical B symptoms than in those without such symptoms (P<0.05). Serum levels of β2-MG, VEGF, and LDH were higher in patients with Ann Arbor stageⅢ-Ⅳlymphoma, with bone marrow involvement, whose international prognostic index (IPI) was high-risk, and with treatment failure than in those with stageⅠ-Ⅱlymphoma, without bone marrow involvement, with low-risk IPI, and with treatment response (P<0.05). The levels of serum VEGF, β2-MG, and LDH were positively correlated with each other, and all three biomarkers were negatively correlated with treatment response (P<0.05). Conclusions: Levels of serum β2-MG, VEGF, and LDH are elevated in patients with DLBCL but are significantly decreased after treatment. Changes in expression levels of these three biomarkers are related to clinical stage, bone marrow involvement, IPI, and treatment response. These biomarkers can be used as a basis for monitoring DLBCL and evaluating curative effect and prognosis.