Objective Study the effect of quantum dots(QDs) on macrophage cytochemistry and enzyme activity of mice in vitro. Methods To observe the macrophage biocompatibility with QDs and effect of QDs on PAS reaction,Feulgen reaction,ATPase,acid phosphatase(AcP),alkaline phosphatase(ALP),ANAE,SDH and LDH using inverted phase contrast microscope,fluorescence microscope,and cytochemistry methods were used.Results QDs hadn't effect to macrophage structure in(3.125mg/L) density of QDs,but its cytochemistry and cell enzyme activity had changed differently,that was PAS reaction,Feulgen reaction,AcP,ALP,ANAE and Mg~(2+)-ATP showed positive,and SDH and LDH showed negative.Feulgen reaction,ANAE,ALP and Mg~(2+)-ATP had statistical significance with the control group(P0.05).Conclusion In cell level,macrophage enzymes have changed differently by quantum dots,but QDs don't affect macrophage structure and phagocytosis. QDs can be applied to label living cell in invariably limited dose of QDs in biomedicine area,and cells doesn't have visible influence.

BACKGROUND: Old people above 80 years old have a high incidence of dizziness and tumble, which are associated with weakening vestibular function, balance function and optokinetic function.OBJECTIVE:This study was designed to make a quantitative evaluation of vestibular function,balance function and optokinetic function in people over 80 years old.DESIGN:It was a quantitative study on posture function(vestibular and balance function),auditory function(frequency audiometry)and visual function (optokinetic function) in elderly persons.SETTING:Department of Otolaryngology ,General Hospital of Chinese PLA.PARTICIPANTS:Totally 41 old male inpatients with systemic diseases in Rehabilitation Department of the General Hospital of Chinese PLA, with an age from 80 to 94 were selected from March 1993 to January 1994.Of them,12 had tinnitus,20 had dizziness.During the same period,old cadres including 11 males and 7 females aged from 60 to 79 years with normal findings of physical examinations were selected as controls. No participant in this group suffered from tinnitus, deafness and dizziness. All the participants were voluntary.METHODS: Patients underwent full-scale otolaryngological examinations.Audiometry consisted of battery of tests including frequency audiometry and evoked auditory brainstem responses(ABR). Vestibular function (posture) was assessed by vestibular-ocular reflexes. Participants accelerated from 1 /s to 90 /s. Then, the angular speed was kept until the nystagmus disappeared,at the time a sudden stop was made.Changes in nystagmus during the tests were recorded.The eyes firstly turned to left and 10 minutes later turned to right.Slow-phase angular velocity was recorded and the imbalanced left/right rate was calculated.Vestibularspinal reflex (VSR) was measured using balance beam and the length of the sway of the center of gravity (CG) and the sway velocity of CG were all calculated. Balance tests using a cursor were employed to examine the central optokinetic system, including sweeping, tracking, and optokinetic responses.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Frequency audiometry, vestibular-ocular reflexes, and vestibular-spinal reflex and optokinetic responses were examined to assess the posture function, auditory function and visual function in elderly persons over 80 years old.And the results were compared with those of balance function tests and visual function tests in old population aged from 60 to 79 years old.RESULTS:Practically,the number of old participants over 80 years old receiving the tests of frequency audiometry, vestibular-ocular reflexes, and vestibular-spinal reflex and optokinetic responses were 41,24,39,40 and 34 respectively;The number of 60-79 participants receiving balance tests and visual tests were 18 and 10.Individuals refusing to participate were omitted. ① Auditory function:In 41 elderly persons ＞80 years,13 ears (16％) had a normal middle frequency audiometry, 69 ears (84％) had a loss of hearing. ② Posture function: 15 (62％) had normal vestibular-ocular reflexes, and 9 (38％) had abnormalities in vestibular-ocular reflexes.Ten (26％) had a normal vestibular-spinal reflex and 29 (74％) had an abnormal vestibular-spinal reflex.③ Balance function:Of all the variables of balance function,the length of the sway of CG and the sway velocity of CG were most valuable. In populations in both brackets, the length of the sway of CG and the sway velocity of CG in eyes-closed condition were longer and faster than those in eyes-opened .condition (P ＜ 0.01). In over 80 years group,the length of the sway of CG and the sway velocity of CG were longer and faster than in 60-79 group (P ＜ 0.01). ④ Optokinetic responses:Optokinetic plus were not obviously different between over-80 group and 60-79 group (P ＞ 0.05) and the latent period of sweeping and the distortion of tracking were significantly longer and greater in former group than in later(P ＜ 0.05-0.01 ).CONCLUSION:Most of the elderly persons over 80 years have a decrease in auditory and posture functions.Their optokinetic and balance functions are degenerated more severely than 60-79 years old population.

BACKGROUND: To assess the balance function of post-stoke patients would be conducive to establish rehabilitative goal and to set up therapeutic plan.OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between parameters of three commonly used measures and those of other functional evaluation for patients with post-stroke hemiplegia.DESIGN: Analysis of the relationship between parameters of balance rating scales.SETTING: At otolaryngology department and rehabilitative medicine department of the general military hospital.PARTICIPANTS: From September 2002 to July 2003, totally 57 patients with post-stroke hemiplegia, 45 males and 12 females, aged from 14 to 78years old, with the course of disease ranged from 0. 3 to 11 months, received rehabilitative treatment at rehabilitative department of the general military hospital, were selected to take part in the study. All were confirmed of internal carotid artery system lateral hemispheric disease.METHODS: Three balance measures, namely Berg balance scale, modified Balance subscale of the Fugl-Meyer test and Postural assessment scale for stroke patients were administered on 57 patients for evaluating their lower limb motor function, daily life capability and walking ability after rehabilitative treatments. The relationship between three measures was analyzed with Pearson-correlative analysis, and the relationship between three measures and lower limb motor function, daily life capability and walking ability were also investigated.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: ① relationship between three measures;② relationship between three measures and lower limb motor function, daily life capability and walking ability.RESULTS: The data from 57 stroke hemiplegic patients was analyzed without missing. ① Scores for Berg balance assessment, Fugl-Meyer balance rating scale and posture controlling scale for stroke patients was 46.70 ± 5. 15, 10. 26 ± 1.58 and 32.56 ± 2.06, respectively, and the scores of lower limb motor function in Fugl-Meyer assessment was 22. 35 ± 5.82,and moving and marching item in functional independence assessment 24.95 ± 5.2, 10 m maximum walking speed(49.06 ±24.68) m/s. The three measures were proved of significantly higher consistency( r = 0.613-0. 766,P ＜ 0.001 ). ② The three measures were also found to be obviously associated with the lower limb motor function, daily life capability and walking ability of patients with stroke( r = 0. 479-0. 718, P ＜ 0. 001 ).CONCLUSION: Berg balance assessment, modified Fugl-Meyer balance rating scale and posture-controlling scale have been proved of higher consistency and efficacy for assessing the balance function of post-stroke patients, thereby can be used as predictor for the balance functional outcomes,as well as the recovery of the lower limb motor function, daily life capability and walking ability of post-stroke patients.

BACKGROUND: There are two methods to evaluate the vestibular function, the rotation test and the water caloric test. What is the relativity between the test results with these two methods?OBJECTIVE: To observe the consistency between the vestibular functional evaluations with the rotation test and the water caloric test.DESIGN: A comparative study on the advantage of the evaluation methodologies with patients as the objects.SETTING: Department of Otolaryngology of Chinese PLA General Hospital.PARTICIPANTS: The patients with vertigo, deafness and tinnitus were chosen, who were picked up in the inpatient department and outpatient department in the Otolaryngology Department of the Chinese PLA General Hospital from April 1990 to December 1996. With the permission, the vestibular functions of all the patients were tested to be abnormal by the Hallpike caloric test. There were 68 males and 32 females, whose ages varied from 16 to 74, and the average age was 37 ± 3. There were 91 cases with unilateral abnormality and 9 cases with bilateral abnormally. The judging standard of the abnormal vestibular function is that slow phase velocity (SPV) of the nystagmus on the normal side-SPV on the abnormal side /SPV on the normal side-SPV on the abnormal side × 100% ] ≥ 15%, and the ratio ＜ 15% means normal.METHODS: The rotation test was done to the patients with the sine swing stimulation and rotation sudden pause stimulation respectively . The stimulation scope of the sine swing stimulation was 90° and the frequency was 0. 167 Hz; In the rotation sudden pause test, when the peak velocity reached 90°/s at the acceleration of 1°- 2°/s2, the velocity was maintained until the disappearance of the nystagmus, then sudden pause was done for the further test.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The results of the sine swing test and the rotation sudden pause test.RESULTS: According to the actual disposal, in the rotation test, there were 9 cases with bilateral abnormality, among them the nystagmus was induced in 8 cases and no nystagmus was induced in 1 case with bilateral acoustic neuroma, and in the other cases the nystagmus was induced. In the water caloric test, there were 91 cases with unilateral abnormality, 2 cases refused to take the rotation sudden pause test. In the sine swing test, 64% (58/91)cases had abnormal vestibular function, and in the rotation sudden pause test 61% (54/91) cases had abnormal vestibular function.CONCLUSION: The abnormality of the vestibular function can be found in the sine swing test and the rotation sudden pause test of the rotation test, but the results do not completely conform to that in the water caloric test.

A novel molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor for direct detection of insulin was prepared based on epitope imprinting.C-Terminal polypeptide in insulin as template molecule was firstly self-assembled on the Au electrode.Then the molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) was fabricated by electropolymerization with o-phenylenediamine (o-PD) as functional monomer on this Au electrode.After elution of template molecules by NaOH solution, the imprinting cavities were formed with the three-dimensional structure matched with the polypeptide in insulin molecules.The imprinting cavities could specifically recognize and rebind with insulin molecules.With K3[Fe(CN)6]/K4[Fe(CN)6] as a probe, the insulin was indirectly detected.There was a linear relationship between the response current and the insulin concentrations in the range of 1.0 × 10-14-5.0 × 10-13 mol/L, and the detection limit was 7.24×10-15 mol/L.The developed sensor exhibited good selectivity and stability, and could be applied to the determination of serum samples.

BACKGROUND: The patients with hemiplegia of stroke commonly appear balance disturbance and the mean of assessment on it is applied in quality commonly. But the implementation of assessment on rehabilitation schedule and therapeutic results requires much more quantitative standards on balance function.OBJECTIVE: To probe into interrelationship between every parameter of stabilometer test and variables in other function evaluations in the patients with hemiplegia of stroke as well as the value of evaluation on functional recovery in the patients with hemiplegia of stroke.DESIGN: Quantitative assessment based on the qualitative assessment.SETTING: Department of Otolaryngology and Department of Rehabilitation Medicine in General Hospital of Chinese PLA.PARTICIPANTS: Nineteen first-attack cases of hemiplegia of stroke received rehabilitation treatment in Department of Rehabilitation Medicine of General Hospital of Chinese PLA from September 2002 to April 2003, diagnosed as disorder of cerebral hemisphere on lateral internal carotid artery. Of those, 14 cases were males, 5 cases females; aged varied from 33 to 55 years and the course of sickness was at the range from 0.5 to 4 months.METHODS: Nineteen patients with hemiplegia of stroke received functional independence measures(FIM), timed up-go test(TUGT), Berg balance scale (BBS) and evaluation on balance measure with stabilometer. Of those, stabilometer is a kind of quantitative analysis method, including the parameters of total length of locus, speed, peripheral area, average central changing site of X wavering direction, average central changing site of Y wavering direction, etc.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Pearson correlation analysis was used to determine the interrelationship between every parameter measured with stabilometer and other measured functional variables.RESULTS: By intention-to-treat management analysis, 19 cases of hemiplegia of stroke all entered analysis on results. Among the parameters of stabilometer test, the moderate negative correlation presented in the comparison of total length of locus, speed and peripheral area with BBS during eyes opened and closed ( r = - 0. 475 to - 0. 705, P ＜ 0.05), of which, the correlation between peripheral area and BBS score during eyes closed was better(r= -0.475, P ＜ 0. 05) . Correlation did not present in the comparison of average central changing site of X wavering direction and average central changing site of Y wavering direction with BBS during eyes opened and closed( r = - 0. 346 to 0. 234, P ＞ 0.05) . Moderate positive correlation presented in the comparison of TUGT result with total length of locus, speed and peripheral area during eyes closed( r = 0. 508 to 0. 583, P ＜ 0.05). The correlation did not present in the comparison of the parameters determined with stabilometer and FIM ( r = - 0. 048 to - 0. 296, P ＞ 0.05).CONCLUSION: Stabilometer test can determine balance function in quantity in patients with hemiplegia of stroke, and reflect the severity of balance disturbance, of which, total length of locus speed and peripheral area during eyes opened and closed can judge balance function of patients sensibly and reliably.

Objective To investigate the effects of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) on the levels of myocardium nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) and plasma tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) in patients underwent heart valve replacement .Methods Forty ASA Ⅱ orⅢ degree patients (NYHA Ⅱ or Ⅲ degree) ,aged 32 to 67 years with body mass index of 17 to 28 kg/m2 ,underwent heart valve replacement ,were randomly divided into 2 groups (n=20):control group (group C) and PGE1 group (group P) .After induction of anesthesia ,PGE1 20 ng · kg -1 · min-1 was infused intravenously in group P ,while the equivalent volume of normal saline was giv‐en in group C ,and the infusion was completed at the end of operation .Arterial blood samples were collected at the time of before cardiopulmonary bypass (T0 ,baseline) ,30 min after the begin of cardiopulmonary bypass (T1 ) ,the end of cardiopulmonary bypass (T2 ) ,and 12 h(T3 ) ,24 h(T4 ) after the end of cardiopulmonary bypass .Myocardial specimens were obtained from right auricular appendage at T0 and T2 for microscopic examination and determination the activity of NF‐κB .Results The plasma mass concentra‐tions of TNF‐αwas significantly lower (P<0 .05) at T1 to T4 ,while the myocardial histopathological damage was lighter and the activity of NF‐κb significantly attenuated (P<0 .05) at T2 in group P than that in group C .Conclusion PGE1 can attenuate myo‐cardial injury in patients underwent heart valve replacement ,the mechanism is related to inhibit the activity of myocardium NF‐κB and decrease the plasma mass concentrations of TNF‐α.

Objective To investigate the effects of combination of propofol and whole-body hypoxic preconditioning on lung ischemia-reperfusion(I/R)injury in rats and the mechansim involved.Methods Ninety male SD rats weighing 250-320 g,were randomly divided into 5 groups(n=18 each): sham operation group(group S),lung I/R group(group I/R),propofol preconditioning group(group P),whole-body hypoxic preconditioning group(group WBHP),and combination of propofol and whole-body hypoxic preconditioning group(group PW).The animals were anesthetized with intraperitoneal 3% pentobarbital 30 mg/kg,tracheostomized and mechanically ventilated.Lung I/R injury was produced by occlusion of hilum of the left lung for 45 min followed by reperfusion.Propofol was continuously infused iv at 30 mg·kg-1·h-1 30 min before ischemia in group P.In group WBHP,5 times of WBHP were performed before ischemia.In group PW,propofol was infused iv at 30 mg· kg-1·h- 1 and 5 times of WBHP were performed 30 min before ischemia.Six rats from each group were killed at 30 min,1 h,and 4 h of reperfusion(T1-3).The lungs were then removed for determination of the contents of TNF-α,IL-1,IL6 and MDA,and activities of SOD.The W/D lung weight ratio was calculated.Results Compared with group S,the contents of TNF-α,IL-1,IL-6 and MDA and W/D ratio were significantly increased at T1-3,and SOD activity was significantly decreased at T1-3 in the other four groups(P＜0.05).The contents of TNF-α,IL-1,IL-6 and MDA and W/D ratio were significantly lower at T1-3 ,and SOD activity was significantly higher at T1-3 in group P,WBHP and PW than in group I/R(P ＜ 0.05).The contents of TNF-α and IL-6 and W/D ratio at T2,3 and contents of IL-1 and MDA at T3 were significantly lower,and SOD activity was significantly higher at T2,3 in group PW than in group P and WBHP(P＜0.05).There was no significant difference in the parameters metioned above between group P and WBHP(P＞0.05).Conclusion The combination of propofol and WBHP can protect the lungs from I/R injury,the efficacy is better than that of either of them alone,and it may be related to the enhancement in the inhibiton of inflammatory reaction and improvement in the antioxidant effect.

Objective To understand the coronary characteristic of acute coronary syndrome patients with ischemic J wave. Methods Comparison was made between 60 acute coronary syndrome patients with ischemic J wave and 60 acute coronary syndrome patients without ischemic J wave. All patients were examined by Holter monitoring electrocardiogram and coronary arteriongraphy. To distinguish the stenosis degree was defined in three degree based on Genisini score of 0, 1-80, and 81-160. Plaque types were divided into Ⅰ,Ⅱ, Ⅲ by Ambrose classification,the coronary and plaque characteristics of acute coronary patients were observed with ischemic J wave. Results There were no significant difference of stenosis degree between the two groups ( U = 3. 0686, P = 0. 0022), whereas there were significant difference of plaque types (x2 =16. 0890, P = 0. 0003) and coronary vessel numbers(x2 =12. 1045, P = 0. 0024). The degree of stenosis, the plaque types, and number of stent in coronary vessel were positively correlated with ischemic J wave(r =0. 44,0. 34,0. 31 ;P <0. 05). Conclusions The acute coronary syndrome with ischemic J wave patients is often not only accompanied with serious coronary stenosis and high incidence rate of multivessel disease,but also high probability of unstabilized plaque. Ischemic J wave can be a predictor of super-acute ischemic of myocardium.

Objective Compare the efifcacy and safety of drug eluting stent (DES) for treatment of in stent restenosis (ISR) and coronary de novo lesions. Methods Patients treated with DES for ISR and de novo lesions in Beijing Anzhen Hospital between October 2008 and December 2011 were followed up for 1 year. All lesions were divided into ISR and de novo group. Major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) including all-cause death, myocardial infarction (MI) and clinical target lesion revascularization (TLR) were the primary endpoints. Results The study population consisted of 204 patients in the ISR group and 494 patients in the de novo group. Baseline clinical and angiographic parameters were comparable between the two groups. The rate of diabetic was higher in the ISR group than that in the de novo group (36.6%to 27.1%, P < 0.05). The diameter of coronary artery was smaller in the ISR group than that in the de novo group (2.72±0.36 to 3.08±0.54, P<0.01). The rate of TLR in the ISR group was higher than that in the de novo group (10.7%to 17.2%, P<0.05;14.2%to 21.1%, P<0.05),contributing to higher MACE in ISR group. Conclusions DES implantation is safe and effective for treatment of ISR lesions, but the rate of TLR is higher compared to treatment of de novo lesions.