Objective To understand the correlative factors of impacting schistosomiasis prevalence so as to provide the scientific evidence for drawing up the control project in Three Gorges Reservoir areas.Methods The report system of schistosomiasis was set up,and the cases were investigated.The population were screened by indirect haemagglutination test(IHA),and the serum-positive people were examined with Kato-Katz technique.The livestock and plants imported from the schistosomiasis endemic areas were investigated.Results Eighty-eight floating people returning from schistosomiasis endemic areas and 107 floating persons from endemic areas were investigated,and the serum positive rates were 1.14% and 1.87%,respectively.No schistosome eggs were found in stool examinations.There was no livestock and plant imported from schistosomiasis endemic areas.The production of local inhabitants depended on mainly cattle,and the river water contact was popular.Conclusions There are infection resources of schistosomiasis imported from endemic areas,which has a potential risk of schistosomiasis prevalence.

Objective To explore the potential risk factors of schistosomiasis transmission so as to provide evidence for setting up the surveillance scheme of schistosomiasis prevention and control. Methods The schistosome infection of local inhabitants, mobile population and stock from endemic areas were investigated from 2002 to 2007 by using IHA or ELISA technique. The historical endemic reports of Chongqing City and the schistosomiasis cases, and the plants imported from schistosomiasis endemic areas and Oncomelania snails were investigated. The behavior of local inhabitants was also investigated. Results The investigated people included 5 112 local inhabitants, 1 455 mobile people from schistosomiasis endemic areas and 1 744 residents returned from the endemic areas. The sero-positive rates of them were 0.57%, 1.44% and 0.86%, respectively. Eighteen cases of imported schistosomiasis were found. There were many plants and stock imported from the schistosomiasis endemic areas. No imported snail was found. The farming of local inhabitants depended on the cattle chiefly. The rate of the harmless lavatories was 14.88%. The local residents had the habit of water contact. Conclusion There are potential risk factors for schistosomiasis transmission in the Three Gorges Reservoir areas. The local residents have potential risk behavior of getting infection of Schistosoma japonicum. The surveillance should be emphasized on the mobile population, imported plants and stock from endemic areas.

In order to investigate the angiogenic effect of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), two parts of experiment were performed. Chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay was used for in vivo angiogenic research. The chick embryos were divided into 4 groups: ICAM-1 group (divided into 3 subgroups, I, II and III) for screening the angiogenic effect of ICAM-1 by adding different concentrations of ICAM-1 (0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 microg/microL) 5 microL into the chick embryo CAMs on the day 10 after incubation for every subgroup; Anti-ICAM-1 group A (divided into 2 subgroups, I and II) by adding different concentrations of Anti-ICAM-1 (1:100, 1:50) 5 microL into the chick embryo CAMs on the day 10 after incubation for every subgroup to evaluate the effect of ICAM-1 on the survival of microvessels through observing whether Anti-ICAM-1 could induce involution of the microvessels on CAMs; Anti-ICAM-1 group B (divided into 2 subgroups, I and II) by adding different concentrations of Anti-ICAM-1 (1:100, 1:50) 5 microL into the chick embryo CAMs on the day 6 after incubation for every subgroup to evaluate whether ICAM-1 involved in embryonic angiogenesis through observing the growth of microvessels on CAMs; Control group: ICAM-1 or Anti-ICAM-1 was substituted by PBS 5 muL on the day 10 or day 6 after incubation. Three days later, the CAMs were photographed in vivo, excised, sectioned and the number of microvessels was counted. In ICAM-1 group, there was increased number of microvessels arranged radially with "spoked-wheel" pattern around the gelatin sponges. The new microvessels growing perpendicularly to gelatin sponges were observed. The number of the microvessels growing in the CAM mesenchymes around the sponges in 3 subgroups was higher than that in control group (P<0.01), however, there was no significant difference among the 3 subgroups (P>0.05). In anti-ICAM-1 group A, the radially arranged microvessels were very unclear around the sponges contrast to that of ICAM-1 group. Few new microvessels were detected in the center of the sponges. The number of the microvessels growing in the CAM mesenchymes around the sponges in subgroup II was lower than that in control group (P<0.01). There was no significant difference in the number of the microvessels around the sponges between subgroup I and control group (P>0.05). In anti-ICAM-1 group B, the radially arranged microvessels were very unclear around the sponges contrast to that of control group. New microvessels were very scarce in the center of the sponges. The number of the microvessels growing in the CAM mesenchymes around the sponges in the 2 subgroups were less than that in control group (P<0.01), and there was significant difference between the 2 subgroups (P<0.05). It was suggested that ICAM-1 could induce angiogenesis and support the survival of microvessels, and ICAM-1 was involved in embryonic angiogenesis.

Objective To evaluate the effects of prevention and control measures on coal-burning endemic fluorosis in Wulong County of Chongqing.Methods At a county level investigation,seven of the disease affected villages were investigated to evaluate the effectiveness of prevention and control measures on coal-burning endemic fluorosis in Wulong County from October 2012 to April 2013.Dental fluorosis of all children aged 8-12 was examined in every selected village.Urine samples of 50 children were collected and urinary iodine level was determined.The installed improved stoves,the drying of corn and pepper were investigated in every household surveyed.Ten samples of corn and pepper were collected and iodine level was determined.At a city level survey,seven of the disease affected villages were investigated to evaluate the effectiveness of prevention and control measures on coal-burning endemic fluorosis in April 2013.Dental fluorosis of all children aged 8-12 was examined in all villages.Ten households were selected for investigation of the installation of improved stoves,drying of corn and pepper.Children dental fluorosis was diagnosed based on the standard for Diagnosis of Dental FIuorosis (WS/T 208-2011).The fluoride concentration of children's urine was measured according to the standard for Urine-determination of Fluoride-ion Specific Electrode Method (WS/T 89-1996).The fluoride concentration of corn and pepper was measured by the method of fluoride-ion selective electrode.Results The field survey results at the county level showed that the prevalence rate of dental fluorosis of children aged 8-12 was 8.01％ (44/549).The qualified rate of installed improved stoves was 99.56％(3 186/3 200) and the rate of correct usage of improved stoves was 99.78％(3 179/3 186).The correct drying rates of corn and pepper were all 100.00％(2 390/2 390).Three hundred and fourteen urine samples were collected and the fluoride content was 0.25 mg/L.Fifty-eight corn and 58 pepper samples were collected.The fluoride contents of corn and pepper were 0.70,2.09 mg/kg,respectively.At the field survey at city level,seven of the disease affected villages were investigated,the prevalence rate of dental fluorosis of children was 11.28％ (38/337).Seventy households were surveyed for the improved stoves.The qualified rate of installation of improved stoves and the rate of correct usage of improved stoves were all 100.00％(70/70,70/70).The drying of 56 corn and 58 pepper samples was surveyed.The correct drying rates of corn and pepper were all 100.00％(56/56,58/58).Conchsion All villages have reached the elimination criteria of coal-burning endemic fluorosis areas in Wulong County.

Objective: To investigate the current prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) among residents living in Nanchuan District, Chongqing Municipality, so as to provide the evidence for formulating LTBI control measures. Methods: The residents living in one street and one township from Nanchuan District were randomly selected using the multistage cluster sampling method during the period between January and April, 2020, and their demographic information, smoking history, history of alcohol consumption, history of contacts with tuberculosis patients and Bacillus Calmette-Guérin ( BCG ) vaccination scars were collected. The infection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis was detected using interferon gamma release assay ( IGRA ), and a positive IGRA test and exclusion of active tuberculosis was defined as LTBI. The prevalence of LTBI was descriptively analyzed among the study subjects. Results: Totally 1 000 residents were recruited, including 381 males and 619 females, with a male to female ratio of 0.62∶1. The mean age was ( 45.87±18.40 ) years. Among all participants, there were 222 smokers ( 22.20% ), 247 subjects consuming alcohol (24.70%), 62 subjects with a history of contacts with tuberculosis patients ( 6.20% ) and 904 subjects with BCG scars ( 90.40% ). A total of 198 residents were diagnosed with LTBI (19.80% prevalence), and a higher prevalence rate of LTBI was seen in men than in women ( 23.36% vs. 17.61%; χ2=4.911, P=0.027 ). The prevalence of LTBI was significantly higher in married/divorced/widowed residents than in unmarried residents ( 24.22% vs. 2.01%; χ2=49.514, P<0.001 ), and significantly greater prevalence was found in smokers than in non-smokers ( 27.93% vs. 17.48%; χ2=11.871, P=0.001 ). The prevalence of LTBI appeared a tendency towards a rise with age ( χ2trend=59.100, P<0.001 ) and body mass index ( χ2trend=9.479, P=0.002 ). Conclusions The prevalence of LTBI is high among residents living in Nanchuan District, notably among elder, male smokers with high body mass index. Risk monitoring and timely interventions are required.

Objective: To provide the evidence for tuberculosis pvevalence for high school freshmen by analyzing data of entrance physical exarnination of Chongqing in 2018. Methods: The TB information management system of schools in Chongqing was used to collect the data of TB physical examination for high school freshmen in 2018. Excel 2007 was used to establish database, SPSS 25.0 software was used for statistical analysis, including descriptive analysis, chi square test. Results: In 2018, a total of 118 370 freshmen from 146 general education high schools and a total of 30 842 freshmen from 30 secondary vocational schools had TB screening during physical examination for freshmen. The proportion of school and freshmen participating in the TB examination was 40.09% and 44.28% respectively. The rates of school (57.03%) and freshmen (58.81%) participating in the examination of tuberculosis in senior high school students of general education were higher than those in secondary vocational education schools(16.39%, 22.73%), the difference was statistically significant(χ2=73.38, 42 744.64, P<0.01). 84 cases of active pulmonary tuberculosis (APTB) were detected in the physical examination of high school freshmen, mainly smear negative patients (92.86%)，and there was no significant difference in the prevalence of tuberculosis among the freshmen with different education, school and screening methods(P>0.05). The detection rates of TB among freshmen in general education and vocational education were 49.00/100 000 and 54.62/100 000 respectively. The detection rates of tuberculosis among freshmen in public schools and private schools were 50.29/100 000 and 124.88/100 000 respectively(χ2=5.42, 10.92, P<0.05). The detection rate of direct chest X-ray examination was 62.90/100 000. The first screening method was PPD test and the detection rate of chest X-ray examination was 84.30/100 000 for those with strong positive PPD test, the differences was no significant(χ2=0.29, P>0.05). Conclusion The tuberculosis screening program for high school freshmen is of great significance to the prevention and control of tuberculosis. Effective screening methods should be adopted and strengthened in secondary vocational schools.

Objective: To understand the current situation of school tuberculosis prevention and control system and the implementation of daily prevention and control measures, and to provide a reference for strengthening the prevention and control of tuberculosis in schools. Methods: A random sampling method was used to select schools where on site questionnaire survey was carried out, including 156 junior high schools, 78 senior high schools and 6 universities. SPSS 25.0 was used for descriptive analysis and chi square test. Results: The average annual screening rates of junior high school, senior high school and university from 2015 to 2020 were 58.84%, 71.71% and 84.41% respectively, and the difference was statistically significant ( χ 2=61 247.39， P <0.01). The average annual TB detection rates were 8.69/10 5, 50.89/10 5 and 36.51/10 5 respectively, and the difference was statistically significant ( χ 2=101.20， P <0.01). The screening rate of TB screening in 2015-2020 years increased by year( χ 2 trend =70 052.10, 86 182.82 , 22 213.56， P <0.01). The detection rate of TB among junior high schools and high schools has been increasing year by year( χ 2 trend =9.27, 12.23, P <0.01). From 2015 to 2020, the proportion of tuberculosis screening, contact history, PPD and chest screening increased by year in junior high school and senior high school freshmen, and the difference was statistically significant ( χ 2=129.10, 118.10, 206.92, 37.67; 108.79, 84.90, 139.84, 51.82, P <0.01). The proportion of chest X ray screening in universities increased by year( χ 2 trend =18.33， P <0.01). In 2019, poor performance on TB control in universities mainly included, including the school responsibility system for tuberculosis prevention and control, the school s annual TB work plan and absenteeism registration and etiology tracing, the proportion was 50.00 %, 0 and 16.67% respectively, compared with junior high school and senior high school, the difference was statistically significant( P <0.05). The prevalence rates of junior high school, senior high school and university students were 33.75/10 5, 90.10/10 5 and 54.20/10 5 respectively in 2019, and the difference was statistically significant ( χ 2=104.36， P <0.01). Conclusion The proportion of TB screening for freshmen in Chongqing increased significantly during 2015- 2020. High school students are still the focus of school based tuberculosis prevention and control. Improving the proportion of tuberculosis screening，strengthening and standardizing physical examination and screening，and establishing a clear responsibility system for prevention and control are effective means to prevent and control the spread of tuberculosis on campus.

Objective To evaluate the contribution of medical institutions in improving pulmonary tuberculosis(PTB) casefinding by analyzing the referral and diagnosis situation of PTB reported by medical institutions.Methods Thenumber of pulmonary tuberculosis cases and the number of tuberculosis patients diagnosed by the network of medical institutions in Chongqing from 2006 to 2015 were obtained by monthly report of tuberculosis control work and Tuberculosis Management Information System in Chongqing county districts,x2 test was used to analyze the reporting level and number of confirmed case with different year and different types of medical institutions.Results PTB or suspected PTB reported by medical institutions though network were 323 603 cases,which showed a upward trend year by year.The referral arrival rate was lower than national average level,and showed a downward trend in recent years.The proportion of confirmed PTB patients reported by medical institutions was found to increase year by year.Contribution rate of active PTB was increased from 10.14％ in 2006 to 52.09％ in 2015(x2 =25 610.75,P＜0.01),and contribution rate of smear positive PTB patients was increased from 6.42％ in 2006 to 52.46％ in 2015(x2 =10 520.65,P＜0.01).Contribution rate of multi-drug resistant PTB patients was 44.9％.Patients found by Municipal or County General Hospital was increased year by year(P＜0.01).The delay time of patients form medical institutions was 56 days,and the average delay rate patient was 79.62 ％.Conclusion The contribution of medical institutions to PTB case-finding is increasing,but the situation of delay is serious.