This paper introduces the concept,the research paradigms and the related theory of the attentional blink,and reviews the relevant researches about the attentional blink of the children and adults with ADHD in the last 10 years.Compared to normal subjects,children and adults with ADHD did show more severe AB effect,and adults with ADHD showed more eye movement behavior.In future studies,standardized RSVP paradigm should be set up to provide convenience for the comparison of results of studies,and find out what kind of processing restrictions will affect the characteristics of different age ADHD groups in the time dimension of attention.In addition,ADHD and inhibitory control related closely,consideration should be given to the combination of inhibitory control paradigm and AB paradigm.

Objective To evaluate the diagnostic and differential value of triphasic, especially the arterial phase, contrast enhanced CT scans for the hepatocellular adenoma, and to improve CT diagnostic accuracy. Methods Spiral CT scanning of pre and post contrast arterial phase, portal venous phase and delayed phase was performed in 5 patients with hepatocellular adenomas proved surgically and pathologically. The enhancement was administrated with venous injection of 3 ml/sec, totally 100 ml angiografin. Arterial phase of contrast enhanced scanning started 20～30 sec, portal venous phase 60～70 sec and delay scanning 3 min after the injection of contrast medium. The degrees of the enhancement of adnoma and normal tissues of liver in the three contrast enhanced phases were calculated and compared statistically. Results In plain CT, the lesions were iso density in 4 cases and slight hypodensity in 1 case, which was hardly distinguished from the normal tissue. In all 5 cases, the lesions showed marked enhancement in the arterial phase compared with normal tissue of liver (38 HU high), and there were markedly statistical difference ( t =18 94, P 0.05). The mean CT value of hepatocellular adenoma in the arterial phase was much higher than that in portal venous and delay phase, there were statistical differences between them ( F =18.39, P

AIM: To prepare flexible nanoliposomes made from active ingredients,phillyrin and volatile oil,from forsythia suspense and study their transdermal delivery system.METHODS: Flexible nanolipsomes of phill-yrin(WN group) and phillyrin in combination with forsythia volatile oil(OWN group) were prepared by the meth-od of membrane-dispersion.Its appearance and particle sizes were measured.Transdermal experiments were carried out on the modified Franz diffusion pool through in vitro mouse skin.HPLC was applied to determining the phillyrin content to compare transdermal rate and cumulative permeation amount of various flexible nanoliposomes.RESULTS: The particle size of the WN group was(180.7 ? 13.69)nm,the Zata potential was-48.8 mV,the average encapsulation percentage was(82.53 ? 2.68)%;the particle size of the OWN group was(212.3 ? 15.31)nm,Zata potential was-51.2 mV,the average encapsulation percentage was(70.49 ? 1.06)%.The accu-mulated permeation amount of the OWN group in 8 hours was(291.92 ? 23.22) ?g/cm2,its transdermal permea-bility in 8 hours was 36.49 ?g/(cm2.h),which was 6.10 folds that of the WS group and 1.92 folds that of the WN group.This difference had statistical significance(P

Objective Using the effect of microneedle array to investigate the feature and rule of transdermal drug delivery of sinomenine hydrogel patch.Methods The microneedles with different length and sinomenine hydrogel patch were prepared;The isolated rat skin was pretreated by different needle-shapes of microneedle array and different timepoints with the same needle-shape,and then sticked the sinomenine patch.The permeation rates of sinomenine were studied using a Franz diffusion cell and compared with passive diffusion of the rat skin untreated.Sinomenine content was measured by HPLC.Results The permeation rates of sinomenine via the skin pretreated with 100 and 200 ?m microneedles were 40.7 and 52.4 times to those of the untreated.The permeation rates of sinomenine via the skin pretreated 7 min with 200 ?m microneedles is 142.0 times to those of the untreated.When skins were pretreated using 200 ?m microneedles with different force, the drug permeation rates were increased with the force increasing.When the force exceeded 5 N,the drug permeation rates were equilibrium.Conclusion When transdermal drug delivery by using microneedle array-hydrogel patch,the permeation rates increase significantly.The needle-shape,skin pretreating time,and force of the microneedles play the important roles in the transdermal drug delivery.

Objective To investigate the possible protective effect of neurotropin on the corresponding spinal cord motoneuron after sciatic nerve injury early in rats.Methods 108 male Sprague Dawley rats were divided randomly into Groups A,B and C with 36 animals in each group,and all animals were cut both side of sciatic nerve,instantly make the operation of end-to-end anastomose of epineurium for abscised sciatic nerve.Group A was control group.Group B was treated with neurotropin and Group C was treated with normal saline after operation.The rats were sacrificed on 1st d,4th d,9th d,14th d,21st d and 28th d after operation.The corresponding spinal cord segments(L4～L6)were gotten to make Bcl-2 and Bax immunohistochemical staining and TUNEL staining.Results The values of Bcl-2/Bax on 9th d,14th d and 21st d after operation of Group B were different from that of Group A and Group C.The number of positive cells stained by TUNEL staining on 9th d was significantly different among Group A,Group B and Group C(v<0.05).The expression of positive TUNEL staining cells reached a peak on 14th d after operation,the number of Group B was less than that of Group A and Group C.Conclusion After instantly make the operation of end-to-end anastomose of epineurium for abscised sciatic nerve,neurotropin can protect the spinal cord motoneurons to avoid apoptosis excessively in some extent.

Objective To evaluate the clinical application of 2000 ArthroCare System in knee arthroscopic surgery. Methods 221 cases of knee problems were treated with 2000ArthroCare System. The disorders of the 221 cases diagnosed by the arthroscopy were as follows: 73 cases of osteoarthritis, 49 meniscus tear, 29 degenerative cartilage injury, 11 plica synovitis, 11 Kaschin Beck disease, 8 ACL, 5 osteochondritis dissecans, and 2 TKA brisement. The operative procedures, such as meniscectomy, meniscoplasty, fitting of cartilage and ligament, synovectomy, and release of lateral patellar retinaculum, were done with 2000ArthroCare System and arthroscopy. Results The Lysholm Knee scores were 43.92 preoperatively, 81.96 three months postoperatively, and 92.06 six months postoperatively. Conclusion Knee problems can be effectively released with 2000 ArthroCare system vaporization under arthroscopic guidance. The advantages of this procedure are very limited tissue damage, mild reaction, less blood loss, early rehabilitation, and fine functional recovery.

OBJECTIVE To explore the features,developing trend and factors of hospital infection in patients with iatrogenic injury.METHODS Retrospective surveys of hospital infections in 750 cases with iatrogenic injury were carried out in hospital between 2000 and 2007.RESULTS The incidence of hospital infection in patients with iatrogenic injury was 87.39%.Among them,hospital wound infection was the highest(87.39%),the second one was cavity infection(8.98%).The leading causative microorganisms were Gram-negative bacteria.CONCLUSIONS It is imperative to make effort to decvease the morbidity of hospital infections.We hope that the iatrogenic injury can be brought into the category of public health as soon as possible to enhance the medical care service and secure safty and health of the patients.

Objective To investigate the possible protective effects of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) on rats with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS). Methods NaHS was taken as a donor of H2S. Forty Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 5 groups with 8 rats in each group:sham group,MODS 12 h model group,MODS 24 h model group,NaHS protection 12 h and 24 h groups. The content of superoxidase dismutase (SOD),malondialdehyde (MDA),glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px),alanime transaminse (ALT),creatine kinase (CK) and creatinine (Cr) in serum were measured,respectively. The histopathological changes in the heart,liver,lung,kidney and small intestine were observed. Results The serum content of SOD and GSH-Px was significantly higher in protected H2S groups (P

Objective:To investigate the immune mechanism of 5-fluorouracil(5-Fu) and Octerotide(Oct)in the treatment of severe acute pancreatitis(SAP)and it’s kidney injury.Methods:55 male SAP rats induced by retrograde infusion of 5% sodium taurocholate into bilopancreatic duct were randomly divided into 3 groups:Normal saline group(n=17)were treatmented with normal saline infusion,Oct group(n=18):The first dose of Oct was 2?g/100g iv,then 0.2?g/(100g?h)continuous injection,5-Fu group(n=20):The dose of 5-Fu was 2mg/h?12h.Rats from each group were killed at 12h after opertation.The plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor-?(TNF-?),interleukin-1(IL-1)were assessed by ELISA method.Thromboxan B_2(TXB_2)and prostaglandinE_2(PGE_2)were assessed by radioimmunoassay method.The expression of TNF-? mRNA was detected by RT-PCR.The apoptosis rate of rat kidney tissue were detected by TUNEL method.Apoptosis rate of NRK cell treated by serum of different groups were assessed by flow cytometry methods.Results:The plasma level of TNF-?、IL-1 and TXB_2 in 5-Fu and Oct group were much lower than that in normal saline group.The expression of TNF-? mRNA of kidney tissue decreased significantly after the SAP was treated by 5-Fu or octreotide.The apoptosis rate of NRK cell disposed by normal saline group,oct group,5-Fu group and control group rat plasma were (38.67?11.4)%,(20.4?18.4)%,(10.5?11.0)% and (1.7?2.2)% respectively(P

Objective To explore the mechanisms of posterior pilon fractures and evaluate the curative effects of different types of fixation on the treatment of posterior pilon fractures.Methods We included in this retrospective study 20 patients with posterior pilon fracture who had been treated from January 2012 to January 2015 at our department.They were 10 men and 10 women,from 23 to 77 years of age (average,50.6 years).According to the classification by Yu Guangrong,5 cases belonged to type Ⅰ,3 to type Ⅱa,4 to type Ⅱb,and 7 to type Ⅲ.One was not indentified because of lacking CT examination.The mechanisms included ground level fall in 2 cases,motor vehicle accident in 7,fall off stairs in 5,sport injury in 2,fall from a bike in one and fall from a height in 3.More than 25％ of the articular surface was involved in 13 patients.Syndesmosis injury was identified in 6 patients by Cotton test during operation.Internal fixation varied accordingly.We recorded the mechanism,classification,proportion of the articular surface involved (more or less than 25％),and syndesmosis injury to figure out the characteristics of posterior pilon fractures.We used the Burwell-Charnley radiographic criteria to assess the postoperative reduction of the articular surface,and the Olerud-Molander scoring scale and visual analogue scale (VAS) to assess the ankle function.The curative effects of different types of fixation on the treatment of posterior pilon fractures were compared.Results Of the 20 patients,17 were available for follow-up for 6 to 36 months (average,17.8 months).Two patients received reoperation because of implant failure after cannulated screw fixation from anterior to posterior.The Burwell-Charnley radiographic evaluation revealed 12 anatoinical reducations and 8 fair reductions.The mean Olerud-Molander score for the 17 patients at the final follow-ups was 81.5 (range,from 35 to 100) and the mean walking VAS was 1 (from 0 to 3).Conclusions Posterior pilon fractures are mostly caused by medium to high energy violence,resulting from a combination of rotational and vertical forces.Since there is a high risk of implant failure,the cannulated screw fixation from anterior to posterior is not recommended.Good clinical outcomes are observed in the cannulated screw fixation from posterior to anterior and the plate/cannulated screw fixation for posterior pilon fractures.