Programmed death1 (PD-1) is mainly expressed on the surface of activated T cell. The combination between PD-1 and its legends PD-L1/PD-L2 activate downstream signaling pathways and negatively regulate T cell activation. Ab?normal increase expression of PD-L1 on tumor cell surface mediates the tumor immune escape. Inhibition of PD-1 signaling pathway contributes to antitumor effect of T cells. The development of this pathway inhibitors has become a hot spot for tu?mor immunotherapy. This article expounds the progress about antitumor effects mediated by PD-1 pathway inhibition from experiments in vivo or in vitro and clinical development of PD-1 pathway inhibitors, providing a new target for cancer immu?notherapy and theoretical and clinical basis for the clinical application of immunotherapy with traditional therapy methods.

Objective Androgen is an important precursor for the synthesis of estrogen in vivo and is involved in the regulation of female reproductive function.In this study, we explored the influence of different lengths of prepubertal exposure to hyperandrogen on the reproductive function of adult female rats. Methods Twenty-five 23-day-old female rats were equally randomized into five groups:oil control, 2-wk dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), 4-wk DHEA, 6-wk DHEA, and 8-wk DHEA, injected with oil or DHEA daily for 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks respectively, and mated at 80 days old.We detected serum concentrations of total testosterone (tT), estradiol (E2), follicle-stimulating hormone ( FSH) and luteinizing hormone ( LH) by ELISA, observed the time of vaginal opening and changes of the estrous cycle, and recorded the rates of mating and pregnancy, the number of the offspring and their survival rate. Results The tT lev-el was elevated after 2 weeks of DHEA injection, fell to normal after drug withdrawal in the 2-wk and 4-wk DHEA groups, and remained at a high level in the 6-wk group.The E2 level was markedly increased in at 2 and 4 weeks but showed a falling trend at 6 and 8 weeks. DHEA injection did not change the level of FSH significantly but re-markably lifted that of LH with the increased concentration of tT.The vaginal opening time was significantly advanced in the 2-wk DHEA group as compared with the controls ([26.60 ±0.89] d vs [35.20 ±
2.49] d, P<0.01).The estrous cycle exhibited no significant change until the 4th week (20.00%vs 86.67%, P<0.05) and returned to normal with drug withdrawal in the 2-wk and 4-wk groups, but not in 6-wk and 8-wk groups.Compared with the oil controls, the rats in the 6-wk and 8-wk groups showed a dramatically lower number of offspring (10.20 ±1.48 vs 6.40 ±1.14 and 6.60 ±1.52, P<0.01) as well as a lower survival rate of the offspring (9.40 ±1.67 vs 5.60 ±0.55 and 5.40 ±1.67, P<0.05).However, no statistically sig-nificant differences were found in the rates of mating and pregnancy among the five groups (P>0.05). Conclusion Prepubertal expo-sure to hyperandrogen may advance adrenarche and gonadarche and affect the initiation of the sexual gland function in female rats.Impro-ving the hyperandrogen status in the early pubertal stage can reverse the disorder of the estrous cycle, while long-term exposure to DHEA may significantly reduce the fecundity at the childbearing age.

Aim To investigate the effect of green tea polyphenols(GTP)on serum level of uric acid in potas-sium oxonate (PO)-induced hyperuricemic mice,and explore the potential mechanism.Methods PO and GTP were intragastricly administered to mice for seven consecutive days.Uric acid level in serum was exam-ined.Meanwhile,activity and expressions of xanthine oxidase(XOD)in liver were tested.In additon,ex-pressions of urate transporters including urate-anion transporter (URAT ) 1 , organic anion transporter (OAT)1 and 3 in kidney were analyzed.Results GTP significantly decreased the serum level of uric acid in PO-induced hyperuricemic mice.At the same time, GTP markedly reduced the activity and expression of XOD in liver of hyperuricemic mice.Finally,GTP markedly reduced the expression of URAT1 ,OAT1 and OAT3 in kidney of hyperuricemic mice.Conclusion GTP has the effect of lowering uric acid in PO-induced hyperuricemic mice through both decreasing the uric acid production and increasing uric acid excretion.

Objective To explore the impact of peripheral blood CD4 + T cells on nutritional status of patients with non-tuberculosis mycobacteria (NTM) lung disease. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed including 78 patients with NTM lung disease from January 2008 to December 2012 in Guangzhou Chest Hospital, who were divided into cellular immunocompromised group with 43 cases and control group including 35 cases and then the impact of malnutrition on cellular immune function decline was explored. Results Peripheral blood CD4+T cells were positively correlated with CD3+T cells, CD8+T cells, CD4+/CD8+T cell ratio in all of the included patients(P<0.05), while there was no correlation among peripheral blood CD4+T cells, ALB and PA (P>0.05). Compared with those in control group, TLC count was obviously lower while there were more patients with bronchiectasis in cellular immunocompromised group, which indicated statistical significance (P < 0.05). Conclusions Most of NTM patients are associated with malnutrition and NTM patients of cellular immunocompromised are associated with bronchiectasis easily and obvious reducing of TLC, but CD4+T cells and serum proteins levels are not necessarily correlated. The severity of NTM is commonly caused by such factors as basic pathologic change, cellular immunization, nutrition and infection.

Objective To investigate clinical significance and the variation of serum interleukin -6(IL-6) ,high-sensitivity C-reac-tive protein(hs-CRP) and T-cell CD40 ligand(CD40 L) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA)(included activity group and stable group) .Methods 90 cases of RA patients in the observation group ,90 cases of healthy volunteers were selected as control group . Enhanced immunoturbidimetric assay was used in measurement of serum hs-CRP .Levels of CD40 L ,IL-6 were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay .Results BPC ,RF ,ESR ,hs-CRP ,IL-6 and CD40 L in peripheral serum of observation group were sig-nificantly higher than control group ,the differences were statistically significant (P<0 .05) .BPC ,ESR ,hs-CRP ,IL-6 and CD40 L in peripheral blood of patients in RA activity group were significantly higher than patients with RA in stable group ,the differences were statistically significant(P<0 .05) .RF ,ESR ,hs-CRP ,IL-6 and CD40L in peripheral serum of RA patients whose platelet ele-vated were significantly higher than RA patients whose platelet stay normal level ,the differences were statistically significant (t=6 . 070 ,3 .858 ,3 .272 ,3 .217 ,2 .253 ,P<0 .05) .Conclusion Serum hs-CRP ,IL-6 and CD40 L relate to RA inflammation closely .Com-bined detection can observe the condition changes and treatment effect in patients with RA .

Hyperglycemia is common in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH),and it has important association with dehyed cerebral ischemia (DCI) and may result in poor prognosis.This article summarizes the mechanism of the elevated blood glucose after aSAH,the reasons of causing DCI,and the corresponding treatment measures.

Objective To study the clinical the rapeutic efficacy of reformed-fallopian tube recanalization (RFTR) with Chinese traditional medicines for treatment of infertility resulted from fallopian tube obstruction.Methods 80 patients of infertile women with fallopian tube obstruction were randomly divided in to the treated group( n = 40, treated with RFTR combined with Chinese traditional medicines) and the control group( n = 40,treated with RFTR alone). All cases were followed up for 6 to 12 months. The efficacy rate,pregnancy rate,ectopic pregnancy rate and the re-adhension rate were recorded in both groups. Results The efficacy rate of treated group and the control group were 72.5 % and 57.5 % respectively, with statistical significance( P < 0.05 ). The pregnancy rates of the two groups were 52.5 % and 30.0 % respectively. The ectopie pregnancy rate of the two groups were 5 % and 7.5 % respectively. Conclusion RFTR with Chinese traditional medicines therapy is an effective method to treat in fertility resulted from fallopian tube obstruction.

Objective To investigate the protective effects of emulsified isoflurane(8% v/v) on myocardial cells after hypoxia/reoxygenation(H/R) in cultured myocardial cells from neonatal rats.Methods Myocardial hypoxia/reoxygenation model was established by culturing myocardial cells primarily isolated from neonatal rats.The myocardial cells were divided into 4 groups,the normal group,model group,fat milk treatment group,and mulsified isoflurane treatment group(0.28 mmol/L).Cellular morphologic changes and pulsation frequency were observed under inverted microscope.Cell activity was determined by XTT assay.The activities of plasma superoxide dismutase(SOD) was measured by xanthine oxidase method and the contents of serum malonicaldehyde(MDA) by thiobarbituric acid method.The activities of lactate dehydrogenase(LDH) in the culture medium after H/R injury was measured.Western blot analysis was used to detect caspase-3 protein expression in every group.Results Compared with normal group,SOD activity was decreased,and MDA content,LDH activity and the expression of caspase-3 protein were increased in model group(P

Toxoplasma gondii is a globally distributed Apicomplexan Protozoa which can infect all warm-blooded animals and cause serious diseases in immunocompromised host.More attention has been paid to wide distribution and opportunistic pathogenesis of T.gondii.This paper is summarized the history,the lastest hotspots in Toxoplasma and future challenges in toxoplasmosis control.

Breast cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors in women, which affects female physical and mental health seriously, and even has a life-threatening effect. TCM plays a more and more important role in the treatment of breast cancer today. Many veteran TCM doctors hold unique opinions about it, especially for postoperative complications. Doctor TAN Qing-gang is one of the most famous and experienced TCM doctors in the field of TCM in Enshi, Hubei Province. He is expert in the diagnosis and treatment on miscellaneous diseases of TCM. This article summarized the experience of Doctor TAN in treatment for postoperative breast cancer.