Objective To master the current status of iodine nutrition of people in Nanjing after the adjustment of iodized salt standard,and to provide scientific basis for reasonable iodine supplementation and strategies for iodine nutrition control.Methods The probability proportional to size (PPS) sampling method was employed in the investigation.We firstly selected 30 streets in the whole city,and then chosen 50 children aged 8-10 years from each of 30 primary schools respectively,which was selected from 30 different streets to examine the size of thyroid gland by palpation and B-type ultrasound.We also collected urine and edible salt samples from 12 children aged 8-10 years from each primary school,to detect their urinary and salt iodine content.Moreover,20 pregnant women and 10 lactating women were picked out from each of 30 schools nearby to detect their urinary and salt iodine content.We also conducted a unique questionnaire survey in 30 fifth-grade students selected from each of 30 schools,and 5 housewives selected from these schools nearby to understand their knowledge of iodine deficiency disorders.Results The thyroid palpate swelling rate was 0.33％(5/1 500) in 1 500 children aged 8-10.The medians of urinary iodine level were 220.5 μg/L in 362 school-age children,196.7 μg/L in 600 pregnant women and 152.0 μg/L in 300 lactating women.A total of 1 260 samples of edible salt were tested.The coverage rate of iodized salt and the consumption rate of eligible iodized salt were 99.7％ (1 256/1 260) and 96.9％ (1 221/1 260),respectively.The mean iodine content of edible salt was (24.5 ± 4.5) mg/kg.A total of 900 fifth-grade students and 150 housewives were surveyed for health knowledge of iodine,and the eligible rate was 83.2％ (2 246/2 700) and 91.6％ (412/450),respectively.Conclusions After the adjustment of iodized salt content,iodine nutrition level of people in Nanjing has maintained appropriately.However,health education should be further strengthened.Improving the awareness rate of iodine deficiency knowledge,and guiding scientific iodine consciousness are our serious task in the future.

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of malaria in Nanjing City,so as to provide the evi?dence for further formulating and adjusting the malaria prevention and control strategy. Methods The data of malaria situation, malaria cases and epidemiological investigations were collected from the Internet Reporting System in Nanjing City from 2010 to 2015 and analyzed statistically. Results A total of 137 confirmed malaria cases were reported in Nanjing City from 2010 to 2015,including 102 falciparum malaria cases(74.45%),33 vivax malaria cases(24.09%),one ovale malaria case(0.73%) and one quartan malaria case(0.73%). Among the 137 malaria cases,126 cases(91.97%)were imported from foreign coun?tries,2 cases(1.46%)were infected locally,and nine cases(6.57%)were imported from other provinces in China. Among the 126 overseas imported cases,117 cases were imported from African countries and 9 from Asian countries. These malaria cases were majorly young men working as migrant workers,laborers and technical persons. About 19.30%of the cases went to hospital on onset day,and 55.65%were confirmed by medical institutions as malaria in the same day. The majority of diagnosis institu?tions were municipal hospitals(74.45%). Conclusions The number of malaria cases in Nanjing City is declining year by year. The local infections are eliminating gradually. However,the situation of imported malaria from overseas is still serious. There?fore,the surveillance work and health education still should be strengthened,so as to reduce the risk of imported malaria.

Objective: To compare the effectiveness before and after the adjustment of schistosomiasis control strategies in Nanjing City, so as to provide the evidence for improving schistosomiasis control interventions. Methods: The prevalence of Schistosomasis japonicum infections in humans, livestock, Oncomelania hupensis and sentinel mice was collected in Nanjing City from 1993 to 2018, and the prevalence of S. japonicum infections in humans, livestock, sentinel mice and O. hupensis, and the areas of snail habitats, areas of infected snail habitats and snail control areas were compared before (1993-2004) and after (2005-2018) the adjustment of schistosomiasis control strategies to evaluate the effectiveness. Results: The prevalence of S. japonicum infections in humans, livestock, O. hupensis and sentinel mice was 0.77% and 0.02% (χ2=6 430.634, P<0.001), 0.46% and 0.01% (χ2=344.401, P<0.001), 0.19% and 0.11% (χ2=239.685, P<0.001), and 34.35% and 1.56% (χ2=1 856.286, P<0.001) in Nanjing City before and after the adjustment of schistosomiasis control strategies, respectively. The median areas (interquartile range) of snail habitats, infected snail habitats and snail control were 4 175.37 (1 301.65) and 2 366.44 (885.27) hm2 (Z=-3.755, P<0.001), 870.49 (1 001.75) and 0 (158.89) hm2 (Z=-3.654, P<0.001) and 1 383.23 (793.57) and 5 031.94 (629.11) hm2 (Z=-4.320, P<0.001) in Nanjing City before and after the adjustment of schistosomiasis control strategies, respectively. Conclusions After the adjustment of schistosomiasis control strategies, remarkable effects on schistosomiasis control has achieved in Nanjing City, where the transmission of schistosomiasis was interrupted. Nevertheless, the strategy requires to be continued and improved to move towards elimination of schistosomiasis in Nanjing City.

Pancreatic β cells, the only cells in the body that can synthesize and secrete insulin, can be damaged by a variety of pathological factors. Increasing attention has been paid to the studies of protecting pancreatic β cells in the treatment of diabetes. In this review, we highlight the studies that focus on enhancement of islet β cell function, reduction of islet β cell apoptosis, increase of islet β cell number and induction of islet β cell differentiation, providing novel targets and therapeutic strategies for the treatment of diabetes.