Abstract Defecation disorder is one of the most common complications after orthopedic surgery, which seriously affects patients' quality of life. Based on review of national and international publications pertaining to influencing factors and interventions of postoperative defecation disorders, this review analyzes the associations of orthopedic surgery-related factors with postoperative defecation disorders, and summarizes the common interventions for postoperative defecation disorders, including medication, physical therapy and daily life management, so as to provide insights into prevention and treatment of defecation disorders after orthopedic surgery.

Depression is a kind of mental disease which is characterized by significant and lasting low mood.As for the diagnosis and treatment feedback, it mainly relies on symptomatological indicators at present.It is of great significance to find sensitive and reliable biomarkers to improve the level of clinical diagnosis and treatment.In recent years, the new findings of gamma oscillation in patients with depression can be summarized as follows: (1) The generation and regulation of gamma oscillation depend on the interaction between excitatory glutamatergic neurons and inhibitory GABAergic interneurons.(2) Under some conditions, for example, with the help of cognitive tasks, auditory steady state response and new methods of data analysis, gamma oscillation can be used to distinguish the patients with depression from healthy subjects, distinguish the patients with depression from that with bipolar disorder and identify the individuals who have suicidal thoughts or attempts in patients with depression.(3) Various methods of drug or not for depression both can cause the change of gamma oscillation.However, it should be noted that there are still many problems to be solved in using gamma oscillation as a biomarker of depression.