Objective To study the mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase 1(CO1) gene of Oncomelania snails from Miao River area in Hubei Province.Methods Oncomelania snails were collected from Miao River area, including upstream and downstream. Genomic DNA was extracted from the tissue of the snail. PCR was used to amplify a fragment of the CO1 gene. Sequences of the CO1 fragment were determined directly from the purified PCR products by an automated sequencer. Sequences for each individual were assembled and edited using ESEE 3 0 s. A distance matrix was computed using program DNADIST of PHYLIP(3 57). Unrooted maximum likelihood trees were calculated from program FITCH.Results The amplified CO1 gene of the snail was a fragment of 638 bp in length. Sequence analysis showed that the accumulated variable sites were significant different between upstream and downstream populations, being 29 and 46, respectively. From the number of variable sites in the gene,snails in this area were roughly separated into two groups. Each of them was a mixture of both upstream and downstream snails.Same haplotypes were confirmed to be present among the collected sites along the river. From the distance matrix of sequence divergence, the population upstream vs downstream differed by 0 0221?0 0105.Conclusion There were more variation in downstream population than that in upstream.Gene flow was identified in these populations. The phylogenetic trees suggest the existence of two groups,but all of them belong to O h hupensis .

Objective To compare the results of stroke risk assessment system in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation u-sing CHADS2 and CHA2 DS2-VASc .Methods A total of 420 patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation were evaluated using CHADS2 and CHA2DS2-VASc ,they were divided into three groups according scores :low risk group(scores 0) ,intermediate risk group(scores 1) ,high risk group(scores≥2) .Compare the average scores and the proportions of three groups of two stroke risk as-sessment system .Results The average score of CHA2DS2-VASc was significantly higher than that′s of CHADS2 (2 .41 ± 1 .93 vs . 1 .39 ± 1 .39 ,P<0 .05) .According to scores of CHADS2 ,the proportions of low risk groups were 34 .5% (145/420) ,intermediate risk group were 28 .8% (121/420) ,high risk group were 36 .7% (154/420) .According to scores of CHA2DS2-VASc ,the propor-tions of low risk group were 16 .2% (68/420) ,intermediate risk group were 23 .3% (98/420) ,high risk group were 60 .5% (254/420) .CHA2 DS2-VASc compared with CHADS2 ,the proportion of low-risk group significantly lower than the latter ,the proportion of high-risk groups significantly higher than the latter(P<0 .05) .Conclusion The scores of CHA2DS2-VASc is significantly high-er than that′s of CHADS2 in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation ,there are more patients needs anticoagulation using stroke risk assessment system CHA2 DS2-VASc .

Objective To investigate α-interferon (α-IFN) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)inhibitor celecoxib synergistically inhibit the growth of human liver cancer SMMC-7721 cells xenografts and tumor angiogenesis in a nude mouse model.Methods The effects of celecoxib and α-interferon on tumor volumes and weight were observed.The expressions of VEGF and Cox-2 were determined by immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR,and the effect of α-interferon on MVD also was observed by immunohisto chemistry.Results During the period of observation tumor volume increased progressively in control group,while it was suppressed obviously in other drug treatment groups.The average tumor volume was significantly smaller in celecoxib + α-IFN group than that in IFN group,celecoxib group and control group (P ＜ 0.01,respectively),its inhibitory rate was 61.84％.Immunohistochemistry showes that the VEGF and MVD was significantly smaller in celecoxib + IFN group than that in α-IFN group,celecoxib group and control group (P ＜ 0.01,respectively).RT-PCR shows that the COX-2mRNA and VEGF mRNA pression was lower in the celecoxib + α-IFN group than in α-IFN group,celecoxib group and control group (P ＜ 0.01).Conclusions The COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib and α-interferon synergistically reduces xenografts growth of human liver cancer SMMC-7721 cells effectively via suppressing tumor growth and angiogenesis.

Objective To explore the role of caveolin-1 in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) caused by high-fat diet.Methods A total of 12 ten-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were fed with high-fat and high-cholesterol diet for 14 weeks to establish the NAFLD animal model.And six syngeneic mice fed with normal diet at the same time were taken as control.All the mice were sacrificed by the end of 14th week,body weight,liver weight and the changes of serum lipids of the two groups were compared.The changes of caveolin-1 at mRNA and protein levels in the liver of mice with NAFLD were detected by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and Western blot.The liver steatosis of the mice was observed under light microscopy after stained by hematoxylin and eosin.The changes of distribution of caveolin-1 in liver were examined by immunohistochemistry.The differences of caveolin-1 at mRNA and protein level in livers between the two groups were compared by t test.The differences of immunohistochemical scores of caveolin-1 expression in the livers of mice with different degree of fatty liver were analyzed by ordinal variables of two independent samples ranksum test analysis.Results After 14 weeks high-fat and high-cholesterol diet,all the mice of experiment group developed NAFLD.Nine of which were severe and three were moderate.Compared with the control group,serum total cholesterol,high density lipoprotein cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol of experiment group significantly increased ((1.940 ± 0.300) mmol/L vs (3.771±0.800) mmol/L,(1.120±0.066) mmol/L vs (2.224±0.420) mmol/L,(0.510±0.191) mmol/L vs (1.241±0.660) mmol/L,t=-3.760,-5.474,-3.332,all P＜0.01),however there was no significant difference in triglyceride (P＞0.05).The caveolin-1 of experiment group significantly increased at mRNA (1.536 ±0.226 vs 0.980± 0.272,t=3.371,P＜0.05) and protein levels (0.643±0.240 vs 0.100±0.130,t=4.847,P＜0.01).The immunohistochemical results indicated that the increased caveolin-1 expression mainly distributed in the membrane of hepatocytes,cytoplasm and membrane of lipid droplets.Conclusion The up-regulated caveolin-1 expression in the livers of NAFLD mice induced by high-fat and high-cholesterol may be involved in the mechanism of NAFLD.

The 11α-hydroxylation of 16α, 17-epoxyprogesterone (EP) catalyzed by Rhizopus nigricans is crucial for the steroid industry. However, lower conversion rate of the biohydroxylation restricts its potential industrial application. The 11α-steroid hydroxylase CYP509C12 from R. oryzae were reported to play a crucial role in the 11α-hydroxylation in recombinant fission yeast. In the present study, the CYP509C12 of R. oryzae (RoCYP) was introduced into R. nigricans using the liposome-mediated mycelial transformation. Heterologous expression of RoCYP resulted in increased fungal growth and improved intracellular reactive oxygen species content in R. nigricans. The H₂O₂ levels in RoCYP transformants were approximately 2-folder that of the R. nigricans wild type (RnWT) strain, with the superoxide dismutase activities increased approximately 45% and catalase activities decreased approximately 68%. Furthermore, the 11α-hydroxylation rates of EP in RoCYP transformants (C4, C6 and C9) were 39.7%, 38.3% and 38.7%, which were 12.1%, 8.2% and 9.4% higher than the rate of the RnWT strain, respectively. This paper investigated the effect of heterologous expression of RoCYP in R. nigricans, providing an effective genetic method to construct the engineered strains for steroid industry.

Objective To investigate the frequency of therapy-oriented oral radiation in Nanping, China and its distribution, and to provide a basis for the rational application of therapy-oriented oral radiation and the effective allocation of resources in Nanping. Methods A questionnaire was designed to investigate the frequency of therapy-oriented oral radiation in all oral radiation diagnosis and treatment institutions in Nanping. Results In 2021, there were 54 oral radiation diagnosis and treatment institutions and 79 oral radiation machines in Nanping. The total frequency of therapy-oriented oral radiation was 61593 visits and the radiation frequency was 19.54 visits per thousand patients. The average annual frequency of medical institutions at all levels was 721.87 to 3713.25 visits per institution; the male-to-female composition ratio of frequency of therapy-oriented oral radiation in December 2021 was 50.5%:49.5%. The proportion of radiation frequency of different devices was as follows: 38.7% (intraoral dental film), 46.5% (oral panorama), 10.3% (oral computed tomography [CT]), and 4.5% (cranial photography). The proportion of radiation frequency in patients of different ages was as follows: 17.1% (0−15 years), 48.2% (15−40 years), and 34.7% (over 40 years). The frequency of therapy-oriented oral radiation grew by 77.43%, 35.18%, and 8.16% every two years from 2015 to 2021, respectively. Conclusion The frequency level of therapy-oriented oral radiation in Nanping is at the level of Class II health care. The distribution of therapy-oriented oral radiation is highly unbalanced and is related to the level of economic development. Private healthcare institutions are growing rapidly, and public healthcare institutions of grade two and above occupy the main healthcare resources. The oral panorama accounts for the most, cranial photography accounts for the least, and oral CT is the fastest-growing portion. Therapy-oriented oral radiation is predominantly performed in the young and middle-aged populations, regardless of sex. Except for intraoral dental films, the general trend is upward.