Objective:To study the distribution of the rate of infertility in Chongqing city.Methods:The geographical distribution of infertilities of different regions in Chongqing city was investigated based on the methods of the trend-surface analysis.Result:In the east part of Chongqing city the rate of infertility is lower in north,in the west part the rate is lower in south,and the rate is lowest in the northeast.Conclusion:The infertility has geographical distribution trends in Chongqing city.Research should be performed on the difference of the environment and 1iving habit.

Programmed death1 (PD-1) is mainly expressed on the surface of activated T cell. The combination between PD-1 and its legends PD-L1/PD-L2 activate downstream signaling pathways and negatively regulate T cell activation. Ab?normal increase expression of PD-L1 on tumor cell surface mediates the tumor immune escape. Inhibition of PD-1 signaling pathway contributes to antitumor effect of T cells. The development of this pathway inhibitors has become a hot spot for tu?mor immunotherapy. This article expounds the progress about antitumor effects mediated by PD-1 pathway inhibition from experiments in vivo or in vitro and clinical development of PD-1 pathway inhibitors, providing a new target for cancer immu?notherapy and theoretical and clinical basis for the clinical application of immunotherapy with traditional therapy methods.

Objective To study the role of ERK1/2 signaling pathways on the process of ACA positive abortion and explore the effect of Anziheji on ERK1/2 signaling pathways from cell proliferation.Methods Levels of ERK1/2 on maternal-fetal interface of every mice in ACA positive abortion model group,blank control group,Anziheji low,mediate,high dose group,aspirin group were detected by immunohistochemical. Results The average optical density value of ERK1 in Anziheji low dose group(0.678 ±0.097)was close to normal group(0.727 ±0.047),there was no significant difference between them.Compared with blank control group,the ERK1 average optical density value in model group(0.434 ±0.066),Anziheji dose group(0.613 ±0.041),high dose group(0.487 ±0.061)and aspirin group(0.551 ±0.056)were significantly lower,and the differences were all statistically significant(P<0.01).Compared with blank control group(0.708 ±0.038),the ERK2 average optical density values in model group(0.430 ±0.058), Anziheji low dose group(0.621 ±0.041),mediate dose group(0.562 ±0.047),high dose group(0.449 ±0.062)and aspirin group(0.515 ±0.045) were significantly lower,and the differences were all statistically significant (P <0.01 ).Conclusion Anziheji can improve the activity of cell proliferation,improve the function of the placenta and change the outcome of pregnancy through ERK signal pathway.

Malignant biliary obstruction is caused by biliary tract malignant tumors or by extrinsic compression from pancreatic cancer, liver cancer, etc. Clinically, the disease is characterized by jaundice, skin itching, hepatic failure, etc., and the patients endure a poor quality of life with a short survival time. The key point for the treatment of malignant biliary obstruction lies in dredging biliary drainage channel , timely reducing jaundice and protecting liver function. This paper reviews the relevant medical literature , that have been published both at home and abroad in recent years, concerning percutaneous transhepatic endobiliary radiofrequency ablation by using HabibTM EndoHPB catheter to treat malignant biliary obstruction in order to clarify the fact that percutaneous transhepatic endobiliary radiofrequency ablation is a safe and feasible treatment and this technique can effectively reduce the incidence of re-stenosis of implanted biliary metallic stent.

Abnormal endothelial growth factor receptor transportion was involved in the development of tumor so more and more researches focus it as a target of anti-tumor therapy. Based on the known mechanism in EGFR mis-localization this review summarized the latest research progress in the abnormality in signal of EGFR transportation and its role in tumori?genesis, anti-tumor drug and therapy that target to EGFR. It is aim to provide reference for the development of anti-tumor treatments which target EGFR and for the mechanism in resistance of anti-tumor.

Objective To explore the application of RNA interference(RNAi) in colorectal cancer gene therapy.Methods The related literatures in recent years were reviewed.Results RNAi causes a high effective and distinctive degradation of mRNA homologous in sequence to the dsRNA.This new technology has been successfully applied to research the genesis and the growth of colorectal cancer.Conclusion RNAi has been a new focus in gene therapy for colorectal cancer.

The purpose of the medical moral education is to make medical undergraduates form stable feature and tendency of the medical moral psychology.In order to improve the development of the medical moral psychology as well as ensure the result of medical moral education,we should continuously make the medical moral education suit to the rule of the formation and development of medical moral psychology.

The purpose of the medical moral education is to make medical undergraduates form stable feature of the medical moral education psychology.While the traditional medical moral education has not been achieving the aim.Many studies of psychology has presented that it is important for study,training and medical moral of medical undergraduates by using implicit learning.In order to achieve the aim and ensure the result of medical moral education.we should take advantage of implicit learning to develop the medical moral education.

Antitubercular Agents ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Child ; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; Humans ; Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant ; drug therapy ; microbiology

Objective To explore the effect of pigtail and silicone catheters on thoracic close drainage. Methods Sixty-one patients undergoing closed thoracic drainage hospitalized in our department from June 2013 to November 2016 were divided into the control group (n=31) and observation group (n=30). The control group was treated with closed pleural drainage using silicone catheter and the observation group using pigtail catheter. The two groups were compared in respect of drainage effect nursed the same. Results The extubation time, wound healing time of the observation group were all significantly shorter than those of the control group ( P<0.05). The pain score, complication rate and hospitalization cost were all significantly lower as well ( P < 0.05). Conclusions The pigtail catheter is more effective in the treatment of pneumothorax. It can alleviate pains, reduce the complication rate and surgical scar, and improve patient's satisfaction.