Brain Injuries ; surgery ; Female ; Humans ; Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain ; surgery ; Infant, Newborn ; Male ; Neural Stem Cells ; cytology ; transplantation

Microorganisms can affect the development of body immune system.Intestinal flora regulate immune function by promoting the intestinal immune system development,inducing T cell differentiation to avoid or reduce the incidence of immune-related diseases.Allergic diseases are related with the body's immune system hypoplasia and imperfect immune regulation mechanism.The immune system can be affected by intestinal flora,and the distribution of flora in the body between children with allergies and healthy children are significantly different,indicating that the occurrence of allergic diseases are associated with intestinal microflora.Studies have reported probiotic are helpful to the prevention and treatment of allergic disease,providing a new way for the prevention and treatment of allergic diseases.

Based on clinical features of refractory diseases and clinical practice experience for many years,the author expounded the therapeutic strategies from establishing individualized system of differentiation treatment,treatment strategies of refractory diseases,and the key for medication,and emphasized individual concerned therapy,separating primary and secondary treatment and grasping the physiological state to treat pathological changes.Thus complicated and changeable diseases can be treated clinically.

Anti-Bacterial Agents ; therapeutic use ; Emergencies ; Enterocolitis, Necrotizing ; diagnosis ; epidemiology ; etiology ; prevention & control ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Premature ; Infant, Premature, Diseases ; diagnosis ; epidemiology ; etiology ; prevention & control ; Infant, Very Low Birth Weight ; Infection Control ; Intensive Care Units, Neonatal ; Premature Birth ; prevention & control ; Risk Factors

With the neonatal intensive care techniques developing,the survival rate of preterm infants has increased markedly.However,these survival preterm infants are extremely vulnerable to develop various diseases,of which brain injury is the most important cause of the disability in preterm infants.At present,encephalopathy of prematurity,the incidence of which is rarely reported in domestic and national reports,mainly refers to white matter injury (WMI).This article reviews the different domestic and national reports about the incidence of encephalopathy of prematurity.

Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)is a common disease among premature neonates and the management of which has always been a challenge to the neonatologists. Early treatment has been advocated as the first-line approach, and drug induced closure is yet the most effective, inexpensive, and convenient method. During the last two decades,indomethacin was often given as conservative treatment, and its closure rate in PDA was approximately 46% ～ 89%. However,indomethacin may increase the number of undesirable or harmful effects including renal damage, intraventricular hemorrhage, necrotizing enterocolitis, and enterobrosis,etc. Recently,ibuprofen is rapidly emerging as a new promising drug for treatment of PDA in preterm infants with closure rate of 73.0% ～95.5%. It is used as standard therapy to close PDA,and it has less influence on the hemodynamics of kidneys, brain and gastrointestinal tract. The surgery is needed in patients with drug treatment failure and cardio-pulmonary function damage.

It has been well known that testosterone is the only connection between testis and bone as it plays an important role in skeletal growth and bone mass accrual.In the past few years,studies showed that factors other than testosterone could also be responsible for bone health.The Leydig cells in the testis produce insulin-like 3 and express cytochrome P450 2R1 (CYP2R1) gene which encodes the major enzyme involved in 25-hydroxylation of vitamin D.The understanding of the crosstalk between testis and bone could contribute to defining an improved clinical approach to the biochemical diagnosis and therapeutic management of hypogonadism and male osteoporosis.

In 1961,World Health Organization recommended that the concept of preterm birth is less than 37 weeks of gestation age newborn.The incidence of preterm birth has always been high and remains to be the leading cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality,despite the rapid development of global medical science level for decades.Studies on causes and mechanisms of preterm birth have become a hot spot worldwide.This paper is a summary analysis about the domestic and foreign research on preterm labor.The factors are divided into 5 broad,including categoriesmaternal factors,pregnancy factors,fetal factors,external factors and genetic factors,in order to popularize science of preterm birth and make for preterm birth prevention and clinical study.

Transient tachypnea of the newborn (TTN) is the most common cause of respiratory distress.TTN is a self-limiting disease which has a good prognosis but sometimes severe cases may cause pulmonary edema,respiratory distress,pulmonary air leak or persistent pulmonary hypertension.Researchers have many studies about pathogenesis,clinical features,treatment of TTN at home and abroad,and they have new progress.This article will summarize recent research progress on TTN.

The link between Hashimoto's thyroiditis(HT) and papillary thyroid cancer(PTC) has long been a topic of controversy.Some authors suggested that these two disorders are positively correlated,whereas others reported no relationship.Here we summarized the studies made in investigating the correlation between HT and PTC,and analyzed the nature of the correlation between HT and PTC based on biomolecular mechanisms.