Severe aplastic anaemia is a marrow failure syndrome characterized by pancytopenia and hypocellular bone marrow.Immunosuppressive therapy(IST)consisting of antithymocyte or antilymphocyte globulin (ATG) and cyclosporine has been recommended for children lacking HLA-matched sibling donor.For children unresponsive to initial immunosuppressive therapy or those who relapsed after first immunosuppressive therapy,they can choose repeat course of immunosuppressive therapy,allogeneic hernatopoietic stem cell transplantation,new drugs or clinical trials.And the prognosis has been greatly improved in recent years,dueing to the development of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and the application of new drugs such as eltrombopag.This article reviews researches advance in different therapies for children with relapsed or refractory severe aplastic anaemia,aimed at guaiding treatment methods.

Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy(TAO)is an organ specific autoimmune disorder affecting the life quality of patients.Glucocorticoids have been applied for many years in the treatment of TAO,though the side effects are the major concern.Recently,intravenous methylprednisolone pulse therapy is a novel and effective method for TAO treatment.Nevertheless this new strategy needs to be modified,and attention should be paid to the indications and contraindications in order to prevent liver damage when high dose methylprednisolone is applied.

The second part of (2008 edition)includes iodine deficiency disease,thyroditis and thyroid nodule.This guideline reaffirms the epidemic characteristics,the prevention and the management of iodine deficiency disease.It identifies the measurement of iodine nutritional status and the necessity of iodinized salt.It emphasizes the regular diagnosis and treatment of subacute and chronic thyroiditis,and also mentions the advancement on differential diagnosis and rational therapy of thyroid nodules.In addition,it gives some advices on the management of thyroid nodules in two special groups(pregnant women and children).

Objective To introduce the surgical technique and results of total mesorectal excision (TME) for rectal cancer. Methods　Reviews.Results　As a result of TME, local recurrence rates have declined from 20%-30% to 3%-8%, 5-year survival rate have risen to 75%, and the rates of sphincter preservation have risen too.Conclusion　Total mesorectal excision reduces the local recurrence rates and raise the survival figures after excision of rectal cancer. Patients have a high quality of life.

Taking the characteristics of Indian students into account,teaching quality can be improved by these means:thorough preparation before class,various application for teaching,mutual and interactive communication and inspiration.

The link between Hashimoto's thyroiditis(HT) and papillary thyroid cancer(PTC) has long been a topic of controversy.Some authors suggested that these two disorders are positively correlated,whereas others reported no relationship.Here we summarized the studies made in investigating the correlation between HT and PTC,and analyzed the nature of the correlation between HT and PTC based on biomolecular mechanisms.

Objective:To study the effect of sertraline plus cognitive behavior therapy in treatment of panic disorder Method:14 outpatients with panic disorder according to crteria of CCMD-2-R were collected as our sample All of them were given sertraline 50 mg/d for 6 months in addition to cognitive behavior therapy The clinical effect was assessed at the end of 1 month,3 months and 6 months Results:At the end of 1 month,3 patients were assessed as markedly improved,9 as improved At the time of 3 months,10 patients were assessed as markedly improved,2 as improved At the end of 6 months,12 markedly improved,2 improved There were 3 patients had mild side effects,which faded with time Conclusion:Sertraline plus cognitive behavior therapy has good effect in treatment of panic disorder with good compliance and little side effect

Cellular functions like proliferation,differentiation,migration,morphogenesis and apoptosis are modulated by the extracellular matrix.Integrins are the prototypic heterodimeric transmembrane matrix receptors with competing affinities for individual extracellular matrix ligands.The intracellular integrin domain clusters cytoplasmic proteins into focal adhesion plaques for bidirectional(outside-in and inside-out) signaling.Integrin-linked kinase(ILK) is an intracellular serine/threonine protein kinase that interacts with the cytoplasmic domains of ?-integrins.ILK organizes the connections of the extracellular matrix via integrins to the cytoskeleton and is involved in adhesion plaque signaling,and it plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of chronic renal fibrosis.High glucose induces the upregulation of the synthesis and activity of ILK in cultivated mouse podocytes and mesangial cells.The ILK protein level is significantly increased in diabetic glomeruli.ILK activity is likely to provide the basis for an effective therapeutic method for diabetic nephropathy.This review gives an introduction of ILK structure and function,followed by a summary of our current understanding of ILK in diabetic nephropathy with a special focus on glomerular cell-matrix interaction.

Caloric restriction has been practiced over 500 years as a method for increasing both the length and quality of life.Experimental work confirming the success of this approac h in animals has accumulated in the last 100 years.Since 2000,emerging evidence in humans has shown that caloric restriction can delay the onset of age related diseases including reduced risk of obesity,diabetes,cardiovascular disease,cancer,and neurodegenerative disorders.The mechanisms and clinical applications have been extensively studied.

As a significant treatment for tumors, radiotherapy is often considered a local therapy.However, an increasing number of researches indicate that reasonable radiation dose schedules can improve the tumor environment, induce immunogenic tumor cell death, provide in situ vaccine, and stimulate systemic antitumor effect.Meanwhile, immunotherapy can enhance the effect induced by radiotherapy, which has been proved in preclinical studies and is widely investigated in clinical studies.This review focuses on the immune response and mechanisms of radiotherapy, and advances in the application of radiotherapy in combination with immunotherapy.