Objective To study the cell death in macrophages (THP-1) stimulated with different agonists (H37Rv-PPD or BCG-PPD) and to investigate the relationship between Toll like receptor (TLR)-2 and THP-1 apoptosis. Methods H37Rv-PPD and BCG-PPD were used to stimulate THP-1 cells for 3 h, 8 h, 15 h and 24 h, respectively with or without TLR-2 blockade. Cells were analyzed by flow cytometry to detect the TLR-2 expression. Annexin V staining and Hochest staining were performed to evaluate apoptosis. Results The apoptosis cells were increased when stimulated with BCG-PPD and the percentage was 30.2% at 24 h, which were confirmed by Hochest staining.However, the expression of TLR-2 did not increase simultaneously with percentage of 8.8% at 24 h.Nevertheless, most cells presented with necrosis form when stimulated with H37Rv-PPD and the expression of TLR-2 remained at high level with the percentage of 17.2% at 24 h, while the percent of apoptosis rate was only 7.7%. Under treatment of TLR-2 antibodies, the percentage of apoptosis decreased to 10.5% at 24 h of BCG-PPD stimulation and TLR-2 expressions were down-regulated to less than 3% at all time points; but after H37Rv-PPD stimulation, the percentage of apoptosis and TLR-2 expression did not changed obviously. Conclusions The attenuated BCG-PPD induces THP-1 apoptosis predominately, which is partially correlated with TLR-2 expression. While virulent H37Rv-PPD induces THP-1 necrosis predominately.

Objective To study the different response in macrophages treated with different agoβ and IL-10 in Mycobacterium tuberculosisnists(H37Rv-PPD and BCG-PPD)related with Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the relationship with TNF-αt,IL-1β and IL-10.Methods Using H37Rv-PPD and BCG-PPD to stimulate THP-1 cell for 3h,8h,15h,24h respectively.Cells were ananlyzed by Hochest staining under fluorescence microscopy to assay cell death(apoptosis and necrosis).At each stimulating time,TNF-α,IL-1β and IL-10 were examined by ELISA.Results Under fluorescence microscopy,it could easily see oval apoptotic bodies of THP-1 stimulated by BCG-PPD.However ,the nucleus were often isolated and necrosis-like when cells were stimulated by H37Rv-PPD.In a word ,BCG-PPD tend to induce THP-1 cells to apoptosis,but H37Rv-PPD inclined to induce cells to undergo necrosis.In supernatant of cells stimulated by BCG-PPD,the expression of TNF-αand IL-10 were lower than the cells stimulated by H37Rv-PPD,but the expression of IL-1β was higher than the latter.Conclusion It indicated that the necrosis of cells stimulated by H37Rv-PPD was asossiated with the excessive expression of TNF-α and IL-10,and the apoptosis of cells induced by BCG-PPD was IL-1β related.Perhaps the mechanism of differences in virulence exist in protein of strain,and associated with cytokines IL-1β,TNF-α and IL-10.

Grooming,as an evolutionarily conserved repetitive behavior,is common in various animals,including humans,and serves essential functions including,but not limited to,hygiene maintenance,thermoregulation,de-arousal,stress reduction,and social behaviors.In rodents,grooming involves a patterned and sequenced structure,known as the syntactic chain with four phases that comprise repeated stereotyped movements happening in a cephalocaudal progression style,beginning from the nose to the face,to the head,and finally ending with body licking.The context-dependent occurrence of grooming behavior indicates its adaptive significance.This review briefly summarizes the neural substrates responsible for rodent grooming behavior and explores its relevance in rodent models of neuropsychiatric disorders and neurodegenerative diseases with aberrant grooming phenotypes.We further emphasize the utility of rodent grooming as a reliable measure of repetitive behavior in neuropsychiatric models,holding promise for translational psychiatry.Herein,we mainly focus on rodent self-grooming.Allogrooming(grooming being applied on one animal by its conspecifics via licking or carefully nibbling)and heterogrooming(a form of grooming behavior directing towards another animal,which occurs in other contexts,such as maternal,sexual,aggressive,or social behaviors)are not covered due to space constraints.