Overall there is strong evidence that pharmacdosic therapy of hypertension in patients with diabetes is effective in producing substantial decrease in macrovascular and microvascular diseases.According to clinical evidence and guidelines,patients with diabetes mellitus and hypertension should receive drug treatment in addition to lifestyle/behavioral intervention.Combination therapy of rennin-ansiotensin system inhibitor with calcium channel blocker or low dose thiazide diuretics is quite efficient to reach the blood pressure target.As considering patient compliance with drug therapy,single pill combination may yield more benefits.

Recently, several large, long-term rendomized controlled trails (ACCORD, ADVANCE, VADT) and long-term epidemiologic follow-up studies (UKPDS, STENO-2) have compared the effects of intensive versus standard glycemic control on cardiovascular disease events. Based on reviewing aforementioned studies, the present article would suggest that intensive glycemia control is still considered as one of the principal therapies for the prevention of cardiovascular events in diabetes while stressing on safety and individualization for glucose-lowering strategy.

Despite autoimmune hypophysitis remains relatively rare, it still poses a significant problem.Currently, about a half of the hypophysitis patients are misdiagnosed as pituitary adenoma and undergo unnecessary surgery. It is increasingly being recognized the identification of the real pituitary autoantigens and development of serologic tests in the differential diagnosis of pituitary masses before surgery. It is necessary to establish disease registration for patients with autoimmnune hypophysitis and get enough well-characterized cases for both basic and clinical studies fostering innovation in the field.

In recent years, increasing attention is drawn to the metabolic syndrome (MS). In a workshop held in April 2005, International Diabetes Federation (IDF) developed a new global definition of MS which put the emphasis on central obesity as the essential component. This new definition mirrored the latest advance in both pathogenesis and epidemiology of MS, and will benefit the prevention against MS and its related diseases. There is no doubt that the new definition deserve clinical use worldwide even it is not perfect.

Epidemiology studies have shown that in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD), there was a higher rate of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and the plasma insulin response to glucose challenge was often augmented in those with clinical symptoms. In this prospective study, 24 patients with CHD were compared with 24 normal controls matched in age, sex and weight with special reference to OGTT and IRT. The results showed that in the patients with CHD, the peak values of glucose and insulin declined more slowly and their mean values at 3-hour were both higher than that of controls during OGTT. The frequency of IGT was found to be higher in the patients with CHD than that in the controls (0.05

To test if a lymphocyte subpopulation abnormality might be present at the onset of diabetes mellitus in new animal model of type 1 diabetes (NOD) and would serve as an early immunologic marker of the disease, the sequential changes, in peripheral lymphocyte subsets of 9female NOD and 11 ICR mice matched in age and sex were studied by using monoclonal antibodies. A significant increase in the proportion of Thy 1.2+(pan T) cells, Lyt 1+(helper /inducer) cells and Lyt 2+ (suppressor / cytotoxic) cells, but a significant decrease in Iak+ (B and activated T) cells and slight reduction of ratio of Lyt 1+/ Lyt 2+cells were noted. There was no tendency in these findings to change with increasing age of the mice and the changes of the lymphocyte subsets were not related to hyperglycemia. The results showed that not an abnormality of lymphocyte subsets could be used as a predictor for the onset of diabetes mellitus and the alterations in the proportion of T lymphocytes and their subsets could not account for the high incidence of diabetes mellitus nor could they be a prerequisite of T cell lymphopenia for the expression of DM gene(s) in NOD mice.

Twelve patients with diabetes insipidus, 6 males and 6 females with the ages of 14 to 48 years, were studied for the effect of 1-deamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin (DDAVP) in a double-blind manner. DDAVP was given for five days and the volume and osmolarity of 24-hour urine were measured every day. The results showed that the urine output decreased markedly and the urinary osmolarity increased during the therapy. DDAVP was well tolerated by the patients and their blood pressure and heart rate kept unchanged.

The epidemic studies indicate that hyperglycemia is very popular among the patients with coronary heart disease(CHD).and acting on their prognosis.Hyperglycemia acts as an independent risk for cardiovascular events.Therefore cardiologists should be also responsible for the hypcrglycemia management. Several epidemic studies of CHD with hyperglyeemia have been fruitfully done in China.How to further investigate and try to form a strategy in the hyperglycemic management in patients with CHD becomes a task to be fulfilled in the future.ACE(Aearbose Cardiovascular Evaluation)is thus a new exploration.

The history for understanding post-prandiai glucose (PPG) was not very long, but it did experience a rapid development, including the cumulation of epidemic and pathophysiological evidence, the invention of drugs for PPG, and also the technology development for rapid glucose monitor. The importance of PPG has currently attracted the attention from international academic organizations. Our Chinese specialists have done numerous studies for PPG during this procedure, and have made great effort to promote the understanding, concern and management of PPG in clinical cases.

With the progress of type 2 diabetes,there are more challenges for treatment.Traditional medications may not meet type 2 diabetes complicated clinical needs.Glucagon like peptide-1 ( GLP-1 ) has multiple physiological effects.Studies show that the liraglutide as the native GLP-1 analogue provides well glucose control in different stages of type 2 diabetes treatment,as well as β cell protection,body weight decrease and the prevalence of prediabetes reduction.Early usage of liraglutide especially suggests significant benefits,which will be summarized below.