AIM To investigate the effects of ondansetron, a selective 5 Hydroxytryptamine3 (5 HT 3) receptor antagonist, on morphine physical dependence. METHODS The morphine dependent models in mice and in isolated Guinea pig ileum were used. RESULTS Pretreatment of ondansetron for 12 days significantly reduced morphine withdrawal symptoms in mice ,such as body weight loss(Groups 2～100 ?g?kg -1 ?d -1 ) or reduced both body weight loss and jumping times (Group 100 ?g?kg -1 ?d -1 ). In addition, concomitant treatment with ondansetron(1～20 ?mol?L -1 ) dose dependently suppressed the contraction induced by naloxone in Guinea pig ileum. CONCLUSION The chronic pretreatment of ondansetron can prevent morphine physical dependence to some extent.

Purpose　To observe the changes of dynorphin-like immunoreactivities of neurons in some rat brain nuclei that are related to analgesia following exogenous administration of melatonin.　Methods　The experimental rats were divided into two groups, injected intraperitoneally with melatonin 110 mg/kg and with vehicle, respectively. One hour after the injection, the rat brain was processed for coronal sections. The sections were stained with immunohistochemical ABC technique. The integral optical density (IOD) of the stained section was measured by the computer-assisted image processing technique.　Results　Dynorphin-like immunoreactivities in the supraoptic nucleus and nucleus raphe dorsalis showed obvious reduction following the single injection of melatonin.IOD values in the above nuclei were decreased significantly (P<0.01) with the melatonin treatment. In the paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus, periaqueductal gray and nucleus raphe magnus, there was no difference (P>0.05) about the IOD values between melatonin-treated group and vehicle-treated group.　Conclusions　Melatonin may result in the decrease of dynorphin content in the supraoptic nucleus and nucleus raphe dorsalis.

Objective To study the correlation between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1 c) in middle-aged and aged population.Methods A total of 4 127 inservice workers and retirees aged 45 years old or above from one petrochemical enterprise in Ningbo were enrolled in our study.The waistline,body mass index,blood pressure,fasting blood-glucose,blood lipid profile,glutamyltranspeptidase,HbA1c and epigastrium B ultrasound were investigated.According to the quartile of HbA1c level,participants were divided into four groups,namely,Q1 group ≤5.2％,Q2 group ＞ 5.2％-5.4％,Q3 ＞ 5.4％-5.6％ and Q4 group ＞ 5.6％.The prevalence of NAFLD and clinical characteristics of each group were analyzed.Logistic regression was used to predict independent risk factors of NAFLD.Results The morbidity of NAFLD was 27.2％ with 31.9％ in male and 21％ in female,which was significantly higher in men.In Q1,Q2,Q3 and Q4 group,the prevalence of NAFLD were 18.5％ (178/961),22.8％ (185/812),25.6％ (280/1 095),38.1％ (480/1 259) respectively.With the increase of HbA1 c level,the morbidity of NAFLD increased synchronously.The age,systolic pressure,total cholesterol,low densitylipoprotein cholesterin and fasting blood-glucose were all elevated according to the increase of HbA1 c in 1 123 NAFLD patients.Multi-factor logistic regression analysis indicated that high HbAlc level was the risk factor of NAFLD (OR =1.67,95％ CI 1.15-2.43,P =0.007).Conclusion HbA1c is an independent risk factor of NAFLD and both of these are closely related to blood lipid metabolism disorder.

Objective:To explore the application value of modified technique of ureter implantation in murine renal transplantation.Methods:Thirty left donor kidneys from BALB/c mice was transplanted into syngeneic mice. Cuff technique was applied for anastomosing kidney artery and vein. The procedure of ureter-bladder anastomoses shifted from implication-fixation-embedding to fixation-implication-embedding. Operative duration, recipient survival rate and complications were recorded.Results:Time for separating vessels, perfusion and excision of donor graft was (25±3) min, (10±6) s for warm ischemia and (25±5) min for cold ischemia. Time for separating recipient vessels was (12±5) min, (7±1) min for arterial anastomosis, (7±1) min for venous anastomosis, (13±2) min for ureter-bladder anastomosis, (5±1) min for right kidney excision and (5±1) min for abdominal closure. Operative duration was(77±3)min. Twenty-six recipients survived over 3 months. The successful operative rate was 86.7%.Conclusions:With a shorter learning curve, modified technique of ureter implantation is easier and faster so as to reduce the postoperative incidence of urinary tract complications during murine renal transplantation.

Objective To study the therapeutic window of rapamycin(RPM) concentration in primary recipients of renal transplantation. Methods An open label, multi center study was performed. One hundred primary renal allograft recipients with cadaveric donors were enrolled from 4 transplantation centers in China. The immunosuppressive regimen was triple therapy,i.e.RPM combined with CsA and steroid. A loading dose of RPM 6 mg/d was administered within 48 hours after transplantation, then a maintaining dose of 2 mg/d was administered. The whole blood concentration of RPM was measured by HPLC method. Results The whole blood concentration of RPM in this group was (6.65?2.75)ng/ml, the 10th and 90th percentile for RPM concentration was 3 2 ng/ml and 10 26 ng/ml,respectively.9 5%(8/84)patients suffered from acute rejection during the 6 month period after transplantation in this study, and the concentration of RPM in these was lower than that in non rejection patients(P=0.001). Hyperlipidemia and liver dysfunction were the most frequently adverse events, and RPM concentration was significantly associated with the concentration of triglyceride. Conclusions 4～8 ng/ml is a suitable level for RPM concentration. Regular drug monitoring and reasonable dose modulation may increase the validity and security of RPM.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the genetic basis, clinical phenotype and pathogenesis for a child with mosaicism ring chromosome 4. METHODS: Clinical data of the child was collected. Peripheral blood chromosomal karyotype G banding analysis, chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA), fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) were carried out for the child, in addition with a review of the literature. RESULTS: The child was born full-term with low birth weight, facial dysmorphism, patent ductus arteriosus and ventricular septal defect. His karyotype was determined as mos46,XY,r(4)(p16.3q35.2)[259]/45,XY,-4[25]/47,XY,r(4)(p16.3q35.2), +r(4)(p16.3q35.2)[8]/46,XY,der(4)del(4)(p16.3)inv(4)(p16.3q31.1)[6]/46,XY,dic?r(4;4)(p16.3q35.2;p16.3q35.2)[4]/48,XY,r(4)(p16.3q35.2),+r(4)(p16.3q35.2)×2[3]/46,XY,r(4)(p1?q2?)[2]; CMA result was arr[GRCH37]4p16.3(68 345-2 981 614)×1; FISH result was 45,XY,-4[12]/45,XY,-4×2,+mar1.ish r1(4)(WHS-,D4Z1+)[1]/ 46,XY,-4,+mar1.ishr1(4)(WHS-,D4Z1+)[73]/46,XY,-4,+mar2.ishr2(4)(WHS-,D4Z1++)[1]/47,XY,-4,+mar1×2.ishr1(4) (WHS-, D4Z1+)×2[4]/46,XY,del(4)(p16.3).ish del(4)(p16.3)(WHS-,D4Z1+)[9]. CONCLUSION In this case, the ring chromosome 4 as a de novo variant has produced a number of cell lines during embryonic development and given rise to mosaicism. The clinical phenotype of ring chromosome 4 is variable. The instability of the ring chromosome itself, presence of mosaicism, chromosome breakpoint and range of deletion and/or duplication may all affect the ultimate phenotype.
Humans ; Pregnancy ; Female ; Ring Chromosomes ; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence ; Karyotyping ; Karyotype ; Mosaicism

Objective To improve clinicians’ understanding of post transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) after renal transplantation,a rare case of this disease was reported and literature was reviewed.Method The clinical data and pathological changes of the allograft,immunohistochenmistry (IHC) and in situ hybridization (ISH) were analyzed.In addition,the relevant literature was reviewed.The clinicopathological features and differential diagnoses of PTLD were discussed.Result A renal mass (5.6 cm × 5.4 cm),which was suggestive of primary renal malignancy,had been detected on the patient after received renal transplantation for a year and a half.Grossly,the mass was 7cm in diameter,with fleshy texture.Microscopically,the renal parenchyma was destructed and infiltrated with massive inflammatory cells,mostly lymphoid cells and occasionally Reed-Steruberg-like cells.IHC showed CD20 and CD79a were predominantly expressed in lymphoid cells.ISH showed diffused Epstein-Barr virus encoded RNAs (EBERs) positivity.The above findings were consistent with PTLD,polymorphic B cell hyperplasia (polymorphic PTLD),with concurrent EpsteinBarr virus infection.Conclusion Lymphoid infiltration in a renal allograft needs to be differentiated from T-cell rejection,viral infection,nephropyelitis,as well as PTLD.Early detection and proper management of PTLD may help improve the graft survival rate.

OBJECTIVE To reveal the role of the basal forebrain(BF)GABAergic neurons in the regulation of isoflurane anesthesia and to elucidate the underlying neural pathways.METHODS The activity of BF GABAer-gic neurons was monitored during isoflurane anesthesia using a genetically encoded calcium indicator in Vgat-Cre mice of both sexes.The activity of BF GABAer-gic neurons was manipulated by chemogenetic and opto-genetic approaches.Sensitivity,induction time and emer-gence time of isoflurane anesthesia were estimated by righting reflex.The electroencephalogram(EEG)power and burst-suppression were monitored by EEG recording.The effects of activation of GABAergic BF-thalamic reticu-lar nucleus(TRN)pathway on isoflurane anesthesia were investigated with optogenetics.RESULTS The activity of BF GABAergic neurons was generally inhibited during isoflurane anesthesia,obviously decreased during the induction of anesthesia and gradually restored during the emergence from anesthesia.Activation of BF GABAergic neurons with chemogenetics and optogenetics promoted behavioral emergence from isoflurane anesthesia,with decreased sensitivity to isoflurane,delayed induction and accelerated emergence from isoflurane anesthesia.Optogenetic activation of BF GABAergic neurons prom-oted cortical activity during isoflurane anesthesia,with decreased EEG delta power and burst suppression ratio during 0.8%and 1.4%isoflurane anesthesia,respectively.Similar to the effects of activating BF GABAergic cell bod-ies,photostimulation of BF GABAergic terminals in the TRN also strongly promoted cortical activation and behav-ioral emergence from isoflurane anesthesia.CONCLU-SION The GABAergic neurons in the BF is a key neural substrate for general anesthesia regulation that facilitates behavioral and cortical emergence from general anesthe-sia via the BF-TRN pathway.

Objective:To summarize the patient profiles and therapeutic efficacies of ABO-incompatible living-related kidney transplantations at 19 domestic transplant centers and provide rationales for clinical application of ABOi-KT.Methods:Clinical cases of ABO-incompatible/compatible kidney transplantation (ABOi-KT/ABOc-KT) from December 2006 to December 2009 were collected. Then, statistical analyses were conducted from the aspects of tissue matching, perioperative managements, complications and survival rates of renal allograft or recipients.Results:Clinical data of 342 ABOi-KT and 779 ABOc-KT indicated that (1) no inter-group differences existed in age, body mass index (BMI), donor-recipient relationship or waiting time of pre-operative dialysis; (2) ABO blood type: blood type O recipients had the longest waiting list and transplantations from blood type A to blood type O accounted for the largest proportion; (3) HLA matching: no statistical significance existed in mismatch rate or positive rate of PRA I/II between two types of surgery; (4) CD20 should be properly used on the basis of different phrases; (5) hemorrhage was a common complication during an early postoperative period and microthrombosis appeared later; (6) no difference existed in postoperative incidence of complications or survival rate of renal allograft and recipients at 1/3/5/10 years between ABOi-KT and ABOc-KT. The acute rejection rate and serum creatinine levels of ABOi-KT recipients were comparable to those of ABOc-KT recipients within 1 year.Conclusions:ABOi-KT is both safe and effective so that it may be applied at all transplant centers as needed.