s: Pancreatic cancer remains a major unsolved health problem.Over the past decade,antiproliferative effects of somatostatin and analogs have been reported in many somatostatin receptor-positive normal and tumor cell types.Somatostatin and analogs act through five somatostatin receptors(SSTR1-5)which are variably expressed in normal and tumor cells.The present review focuses on recent advances in biological mechanisms involved in the antineoplastic activity of somatostatin and analogs.

Objective To investigate the role of spinal cord opioid receptors in the antinocieeptive effect of propefol in rats. Methods Male SD rats weighing 220-280 g were anesthetized with intraperitoneal chloral hydrate 300 mg/kg. Intratbecal (IT) catheter was placed at L5～6 interspace. Correct placement was confirmed by lower extremity motor block after injection of 2% lidocaine 15 μl via the iv catheter. Animals which were lame or paralyzed were excluded. Ninety SD rats in which IT catheters were successfully placed were randomly divided into 9 groups (n = 10 each): group Ⅰ propofol 10μg IT (P);group Ⅱ dimethyl suipbexide (DMSO-solvent for propofol) 5 μl IT (D);group Ⅲ artificial cerebral spinal fluid (ACSF) 5 μl IT;group Ⅳ propoful 10 μl + naloxone 15 μg IT (PN);group Ⅴ DMSO 5 μl IT + naloxone 15 μg IT (DN);group Ⅳ propofol 10μg IT + CTOP Ⅰμg IT (PC);group Ⅶ DMSO 5 μl IT + CTOP 1μg IT (DC);group Ⅷ propofol 10 μg IT + ICI 174, 864 1 μg IT (PI) and group ⅨDMSO 5 μl 1T + ICI 174, 864 1 μg IT (DI). In group Ⅳ-Ⅸ naloxone or CTOP (μ-receptor antagonist) or ICI 174, 864 (δ-receptor antagonist) was injected 5 min after propofol/DMSO. Pain threshold was measured before the first drug administration (T0) and at 10 min (T1), 20 min (T2) and 40 min (T3) after the first drug administration using hot water tail-withdrawal test. The latency for withdrawal of the tail from hot water was recorded. Results The pain threshold was significantly higher in group P, PN, PC and PI than in group D, DN, DC and DI respectively. The pain threshold was significantly increased at T1.2 compared with the baseline value at T0 in group P, PN, PC and PI. The pain threshold was significantly lower at T3 than at T1 and T2 in group P, PN, PC and PI. The pain threshold was significantly lower after drug administration in group PN and PI than in group P and PC. Conclusion Spinal cord δ-oploid receptors are involved in the anfinocicepfive effect of propofol.

Objective To observe transforming growth factor-?1(TGF-?1) in chicken callus. Methods The right humerus fracture models of 16 New Roman hens, at the age of 6-month old, about 1.75kg in weight, were established under no germ operational condition. TGF-?1 of the tissue samples procured from callus on 3d,6d,10d and 15d of fracture healing were examined by immunohistochemical method. Results Histochemical study shows that the immunostaining of TGF-?1 exists in blood cells on 3d, connective tissue cells and extracellular matrix on 6d, cartilage on 10d and 15d. Compared with that on 3d, the expression of TGF-?1 increased markedly on 6d, 10d and 15d of fracture healing(P

Background and purpose:Medulloblastoma(MB),which is a primitive neuroectodermal tumor(PNET),is the most common malignant brain tumor of childhood.The mean age at diagnosis is 6 years.Due to the tremendous improvements in techniques of radiotherapy and chemotherapy,the 5-year overall survival(OS) is increased to 70% now,compared with 20% in the 1970s.Factors which include local relapse,whether or not there has occurred metastases before resection,residual tumor and age etc.are mostly considered to have significant effects on prognosis.We studied the effects and side effects of the three dimensional conformal radiation therapy(3D-CRT) for the children with medulloblastoma,and summarized the reasons of failure of the therapy.Methods:From August 2001 to August 2007,34 children with medulloblastoma were treated in our hospital.Among all the patients(3-16 years,mean age was 9.5 years) there were 16 cases in high-risk group,and 18 cases in low-risk group.All of them underwent total or subtotal resection before radiation therapy.Patients were not given radiotherapy and chemotherapy before surgery.The interval between surgery and radiotherapy was less than 3 weeks.The 3D-CRT was done for all the patients with the same techniques:30 Gy to the whole cranialspinal axis followed by a boost of 20-25 Gy to the posterior fossa,witha median fraction dose of 180 cGy.Chemotherapy was given according to the protocol which consisted of lomustine,cisplatinum and vincristine after radiotherapy,but the patients were not given intrathecal chemotherapy.Blood counts and chemistries and renal and hepatic evaluations were performed regularly before every course.Results:5-year OS and 5-year event free survival(EFS) were 71% and 62% respectively.The mean follow-up was 36.5 months.The 5-year OS of the high risk group and low risk group were 88.9% and 50.0% respectively.There was significant difference between them(P=0.01).13 patients were failures.Of all failure patients,3 had recurrence in the region of the cribriform plate.The complete remission was 70.5%,and the partial remission was 14%.If metastases were found before surgery,the 5-year OS was 12.5%(1/8),and if the residual tumor was more than 1.5 cm3,the 5-year OS was 0%(0/5).Whether or not the metastases were found before surgery,and the presence of residual tumor,both had significant impacts on the prognosis of the children with medulloblastoma(P

Objective To evaluate the changes in the expression of acetylated histone H3 (Ac-H3) and deacetylase silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1) in dorsal root ganglions in a rat model of negative phenotype neuropathic pain.Methods Forty-eight male Sprague-Dawley rats,weighing 250-300 g,were randomly divided into 2 groups (n =24 each):sham operation group (group S) and C-fiber dysfunction group (group CFD).The rats were anesthetized with 10％ chloral hydrate 3 ml/kg.C-fiber dysfunction was induced by exposing sciatic nerve to 8％ capsaicin for 30 min in group CFD.The thermal withdrawal latency (TWL) and mechanical withdrawal threshold (MWT) were measured before and on 1,3,7 and 14 days after CFD.Six rats were then sacrificed at each time and the lumbar segments (L5) of the dorsal root ganglions were removed for detection of SIRT1 mRNA expression (by RT-PCR) and Ac-H3 and SIRT1 protein expression (by Western blot).Results Compared with group S,TWL was significantly increased at 1,3,7 and 14 days after CFD,SIRT1 mRNA and protein expression was up-regulated and Ac-H3 expression was down-regulated at 3,7 and 14 days after CFD (P ＜ 0.05),while no significant change was found in MWT at each time point in group CFD (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion The mechanism of negative phenotype neuropathic pain is related to up-regulation of deacetylase SIRT1 expression and decreased acetylation of histone H3 in rat dorsal root ganglions.

Objective To study the effects of ginsenosides (GS) on spontaneous sleep architecture and Cortical EEG power spectrum. Methods 24 adult SD rats were randomly divided into the control, GS 10 and 100mg/kg groups ( n = 8). Rats were instrumented with sleep-wake recording electrodes. After recovery from surgical operation,rats were orally administered GS 10 and 100mg/kg or distilled water once per day for 6 days. On GS administration day 1 and 6,Polygraphic signs of undisturbed sleep-wake activities were recorded for 12 h after GS administration. Results On GS administration day 1 ,only 100mg/kg GS increased significantly total sleep and the non-rapid eye movement ( NREM ) sleep but decreased wakefulness [(9.40 ± 0.88 ) h, ( 8.00 ± 1. 21 ) h,(2.46 ±0.81)h s (7.55 ±1.59)h,(6.36±1.54)h,(4.38 ±1.62)h,(P＜0.01, P＜0.05, P＜0.01),respectively] ;Low and high dose GS enhanced δ-wave power of NREM sleep and wakefulness (P＜ 0.05 ) but reduced θ-wave power of wakefulness (P＜0.01) and-wave power during NREM, REM sleep and wakefulness (P ＜ 0.01 ),moreover,Low and high dose GS lowered θ-wave power of REM and NREM stage(P＜0.05 ) ,respectively. After 6days of GS administration, Low and high dose GS increased markedly total sleep(P＜0.05 ) and NREM sleep(P＜0.05 ) but decreased wakefulness (P ＜0.05 ) and sleep-wake cycles (P ＜ 0.05, P ＜ 0.01 ); moreover, Low and high dose GS enhanced δ-wave power during NREM sleep and wakefulness (P ＜ 0. 05 ) but reduced θ-wave power of wakefulness(P ＜ 0.05 ) and -wave power during NREM, NEM sleep and wakefulness (P ＜ 0. 05 ), 10mg/kg GS also lowered θ-wave power of NREM sleep (P＜0.01). Conclusion These results demonstrate that GS can regulate spontaneous sleep architecture in time dependent manner,as well as cortical EEG power spectrum in rats.

Objective To study the pathogenesis of upper gastrointestinal rehaemorrhagia after the transjugular intrahepatic portasystemic shunt (TIPS) and its influencing factor.Methods Fifty postoperative patients with TIPS were selected.The patients were followed-up,and the effect of the various factors in the role of upper gastrointestinal rehaemorrhagia after TIPS was analyzed.Results The portal vein pressure of 50 patients with TIPS decreased from preoperative (39.8 ±9.2) cmH2O (1 cmH2O =0.098 kPa) to postoperative (25.2 ± 5.8) cmH2O,and there was statistical difference (P ＜ 0.05).Fourteen patients appeared upper gastrointestinal rehaemorrhagia after TIPS,which accounted for total of 28％ (14/50) and included 3 cases of postoperative vomiting blood within 3 days.Acute stomach mucosa lesions bleeding was considered,and bleeding was controlled within a short-term medical treatment (1 patient after more than a year in recurrent upper gastrointestinal rehaemorrhagia).Twelve cases of patients appeared upper gastrointestinal rehaemorrhagia within 2 years after TIPS,and the causes of rehaemorrhagia in 6 cases were esophageal variceal rehaemorrhagia,gastric and duodenal ulcer in 3 cases,erosive gastritis in 2 cases,coagulation abnormalities in 1 case.Esophageal variceal rehaemorrhagia rate was 12％ (6/50).Conclusions The main reasons of upper gastrointestinal rehaemorrhagia after TIPS are variceal rehaemorrhagia and non variceal rehaemorrhagia,both of which are important causes of rehaemorrhagia after TIPS.Variceal rehaemorrhagia after TIPS occurs more than 3 months,and non variceal rehaemorrhagia occurs within 3months,so it is very important to protect gastric mucosa with proton pump inhibitor in postoperative patients.

Ten adult rabbits (7 and ♀3; body weights 1.5～2 kg) were selected for thee present study. A solution of 2～10％ HRP (RZ=2.9) was injected into the subserosa of the caecum in seven rabbits and a solution of 5～10％ HRP into the deep peroneal nerve of Tsusanli (足三里) region in the other three. The uptake and retrograds transmission of HRP in the afferent fibres of both the somatic and visceral nerves were traced to the spinal ganglia. The range of segments where the neurons from which these two afferent fibres originate overlap each other. The results are a follows:1. Labelled sensory neurons from the region of the caecum where HRP was injected are observed in the spinal ganglia C_8～S_3 with a higher concentration in T_(11)～L_2.2. Labelled neurons from the region of Tsusanli are found in the spinal ganglia L_1～S_3 with a higher concentration in L_6～S_2.3. The ranges of distribution of labelled neurons from the two groups of afferent fibres overlap in the segments L_1～S_3.4. Most of the labelled cells are small and medium in size and the Iabelled cells are found more concentrated in the lumbosacral segments.

【Objective】 To study the location effect of the Mc Ab G9 to human esophageal carcinoma in tumor bearing nude mice. 【Methods】 125　I-G9 was prepared by Chloramine-T method. The distribution of 125 　 I-G9 was detected at different time (24, 48, and 72 h) after peritoneal injecti on. The percentage of the injected dose per gram of tissue(%ID/g) and the ratio of Tumor/non-Tumor were calculated. 【Results】 The distribution of 125　 I -G9 in tumor at the third day was showed by autoradiography obviously higher th an in other organ/tissue (except blood) and the highest is at the 48 h. The T/NT values are 2-7. The autoradiography indicated that radioactivity concentrated in tumor tissue. The concentration in tumor edge is more obvious than in the ce nter. 【Conclusion】 125　I-G9 has a considerable targeting activity and can well locate in esophageal carcinoma tissue in tumor bearing nude mice.

Objective To study the correlation between apolipoprotein E (APOE) genetic polymorphisms and sepsis in Chinese children.Methods The inpatients suffered with sepsis were enrolled as septic group and the healthy children from child health division were enrolled as control group.The study of APOE genotypes were carried out by polymerase chain reactions followed a high-resolution melting curve analysis.SPSS 16.0 statistical software was used for data analysis.Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the age between the groups.Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was tested using the Pearson x2-test.The x2-test was used to compare gender and the genotype distribution between the groups.The odd ratio (OR) was calculated together with its 95％ confidence interval (CI).Potential confounding effects of variables were corrected using a multivariate unconditional logistic regression model.All statistical tests were two-sided and P ＜ 0.05 indicates statistically significance.Results Among a total of 285 children collected from March 2011 to June 2012,there were 88 patients with sepsis and 197 healthy children.In the septic group,15 septic patients were complicated with central nervous system infection.Four apolipoprotein E genotypes were identified to be ε3/ε3,ε2/ε3,ε3/ε4,and ε2/ε4.The percentage of each genotype found in patients of the septic group and the control group was 64.4％ vs.73.1％ (ε3/ε3);16.8％ vs.10.7％ (ε2/ε3);18.8％ vs.14.7％ (ε3/ε4);0％ vs.1.5％ (ε2/ε4),respectively.The number of patients with the genotype ε3/ε3 among septic patients was significantly lower than that among the control individuals (P =0.047,1-β =0.334,OR =0.585,adjusted OR =0.559).The number of patients with the genotype ε3/ε3 among the septic patients with central nervous system infection was 33.3％,which was also significantly lower than that among the septic patients without CNS infection (67.1％).(P =0.014,1-β5 =0.685,OR =0.245,adjusted OR =0.275).Conclusions Apolipoprotein E genetic polymorphisms were associated with the occurrence of sepsis and central nervous system complications in children.The susceptibility of children with genotype ε3/ε3 to sepsis and central nerve system infection complications is significantly lower than that of children with other genotypes.