46 rabbits were divided into two groups. HRP was injected into one of the 7 segments of spinal cord (T_(11,12)、L_(1,2)、S(2～4)) unilaterally in 42 adult rabbits in the experimental group. HRP was also injected into the vein of the ear (2 cases) and cerebrospinal fluid (2 cases) as the control group. The hypothalamus were cut at 40 ?m. The sections were incubated with BDHC and OD by Mesulam's 8th and Edward's procedures. Labeled cell were found in the medial basal hypothalamus (MBH), ventromedial nucleus (VM), paraventricular nucleus (PV), dorsomedial nucleus (DM), posterior nucleus (PN), supraoptic nucleus (SN), lateral nucleus (LN), anterior nucleus (AN), perifornical nucleus and zona incerta in all cases. The PV was most heavily labeled. The LN, PN and DM were less so. Some labeled cells were found in the MBH, VM and AN. A few labeled cells were present in the SN. Labeled terminal and preterminal axons were found in the dorsolateral margin of the PV and in the LN、PN and MBH.Labeled terminals of the hypothalamus, which were discovered in this study, has not mentioned in the literature available to us. This study demonstrated reciprocal projection between the hypothalamus and the segments of the spinal cord innervating pelvic organs.

BACKGROUND: Mature brain contains neural stem cells. It is very important that how to directionally induce the differentiation of neural stem cells into a specific neuron, substitute for damaged neurons, in effective treatment of nervous system disease.OBJECTIVE: To study the role of vascular endothelial growth factor in the proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells in vivo.Neurobiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University from June 2007 to June 2008.MATERIALS: A total of 24 healthy male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly assigned to model control, an'dbody treatment and sham operation groups.METHODS: Rat models of hippocampal fimbria and fomix transsection were established in the model control and antibody treatment groups. Rats in the sham operation only received digging skull operation. Immediately following model induction, rats in the antibody treatment group were subjected to 4 μL anti-vascular endothelial growth factor antibody. The needle was inserted at anterior fontanelle+0.6 mm, lateral side+0.6 mm and ventral side-5.5 mm at the affected side. Rats in the model control and sham operation groups were subjected to an equal volume of saline.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor, Nestin and proliferating cell nuclear antigen was observed using immunohistochemical method. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen index was calculated.RESULTS: Compared with the sham operation group, the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and Nastin was significantly increased at the septal area following hippocampal fimbria and fornix transsection in the model control group (P < 0.01). Compared with the model control group, Nestin expression was significantly decreased in the antibody treatment group (P< 0.01). The proliferating cell nuclear antigen diffusely expressed in neuronal cytoplasm in the sham operation group, with the presence of non-specific staining, and the proliferation index was nearly 0. A little proliferating cell nuclear antigen was found in the model control group, with a proliferating index of 1%. Following antibody treatment, the proliferating index was decreased to 0.CONCLUSION: Following septal area damage, the increased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor induces the occurrence of neural stem cells. High expression of vascular endothelial growth factor may be the promoting factor of occurrence and differentiation of neural stem cells, and the basis of self-repair following bran damage.

Objective To investigate the clinical efficacy of covered self-expanding metal stent in the treatment of malignant esophageal stricture.Methods The clinical data of 512 patients accepted stent were retrospectively analyzed,which included patients' profiles,relief of dysphagia,incidence of complications and survival period.The data were analyzed by t test.Results A total of 596 stents were placed in 512 patients.There was significant difference in mean dysphagia score between before and after stent placement (grade 3.4±0.6 vs grade 1.1±0.8,t=54.09,P＜0.01).After the placement,the overall incidence of complications was 14.5％ (74/512),of which there were 21 cases of severe retrosternal pain (4.1％),16 cases of bleeding (3.1 ％),29 cases of stent displacement (5.7％),six cases of food impaction (1.2％),two cases of fistula without completely blocked (0.4％).The survival period of 238 patients with complete follow-up ranged from 30 to 1445 days,the mean time was 218.9 days.Conclusion Endoscopic covered self-expanding metal stent placement may effectively relieve dysphagia symptoms in patients with malignant esophageal stricture.

Objective To investigate the value of narrow band imaging (NBI) and lugol chromo-endoscopy (LCE) in the diagnosis of advanced esophageal carcinoma.Methods The clinical data of 162 patients with advanced esophageal carcinoma who received NBI and LCE at the Cancer Hospital of Peking University from November 2010 to May 2012 were retrospectively analyzed.Esophageal mucosa was first examined using white light imaging (WLI),and then followed by NBI and LCE,and the lengths of the lesions were recorded.Biopsy histology was obtained in all abnormal mucosa which were detected by NBI or LCE.Difference in the length of lesions detected by the NBI/LCE and WLI was calculated.Surgical approach and method of anastomosis were recorded for patients who received surgical treatment,and the final treatment method was recorded for patients who did not receive surgical treatment.Difference in the treatment methods was compared before and after endoscopy.Results The length of the lesions detected by the 3 methods was identical in 121 patients,different in 41 patients.The difference ranged between 1 and 3 cm was observed in 22 patients,＞3 cm and ≤5 cm in 8 patients,＞5 cm and ≤10 cm in 7 patients,＞ 10 cm in 4 patients.Of the patients in the above mentioned 4 categories,there were 1,2,2,4 patients in each category received neo-adjuvant therapy,and the rest patients received operation.Superficial cancer contiguous to the primary lesion was found in 41 patients,including squamous cell carcinoma in 31 patients,carcinoma-in-situ in 3 patients and severe dysplasia in 7 patients.Of the 153 patients who received surgery,the surgical plan for 12 patients was modified.Intrathoracic anastomosis was changed to cervical anastomosis in 2 patients,anastomosis under the aortic arch was changed to anastomosis above the aortic arch in 3 patients,trans-abdominal operation was changed to thoraco-abdominal operation in 7 patients.Conclusions The combination of NBI and LCE is more accurate to evaluate the extent of lesions of advanced esophageal carcinoma,and is useful to decide the treatment protocol.Pathological examination of the adjacent abnormal mucosa should be carried out for patients whose lesion length was inconsistent under different observation methods.

To investigate whether a series of water-soluble cross-linked chitosan derivates synthesized in the guide of imprinting technology could be used as a uranium chelating agent to protect cells exposed to depleted uranium (DU), the imprinted chitosan derivates with high UO2(2+) chelating ability were screened, and cell model of human renal proximal tubule epithelium cells (HK-2) exposed to DU (500 micromol.L-1) was built, chitosan derivates (400 mg.L-1 ) was added to test group and diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA, 50 mg.L-1) was added to positive control group. The results showed that three Cu2+ imprinted chitosan derivates had higher uranium chelating ability (>49 microg.mg-1) than chitosan and non-imprinted chitosan derivates. Compared to the cells exposed to DU only, survival of cells in group added chitosan derivates rose up significantly (increased from 57.3% to 88.7%, and DTPA to 72.6%), and DU intracellular accumulation decreased, membrane damage and DNA damage also eased. Among the imprinted chitosan derivates, Cu2+ imprinted penta dialdehyde cross-linked carboxymethyl chitosan (Cu-P-CMC) was the best, and better than DTPA. From ultrastructure observation, the DU precipitates of test group added Cu-P-CMC were most grouped in a big hairy clusters in a string together outside cells. It is possible that the DU-chitosan derivates precipitates are too big to enter into cells, and from this way, the DU uptake by cells decreased so as to detoxication.

Objective To evaluate the accuracy and influencing factors of mini-probe endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) in determining the T stage for early gastric cancer (EGC).Methods The clinical data of 103 patients with EGC who were admitted to the Peking University Cancer Hospital from March 2011 to June 2014 were retrospectively analyzed.The diagnosis results of mini-probe EUS were compared with postoperative pathological findings,of which the differences in the accuracy of mini-probe EUS in determining the T stage of EGC were analyzed according to tumor location,diameter,differentiated types,with or without ulceration and Lauren classification.The rate comparison and univariate analysis were done by the chi-square test,and multivariate analysis was done using the Logistic regression model.Results Among 107 lesions,75 lesions were detected in uT1a stage by mini-probe EUS and 32 lesions in uT1b stage.The results of pathological examination showed that 61 lesions were detected in T1 a stage,40 lesions in T1 b stage and 6 lesions in T2 stage.The accuracy of mini-probe EUS in the T1 stage of EGC was 66.4％ (71/107),including 70.7％ (53/75) in the uT1 a stage and 56.3 ％ (18/32) in the uT1b stage of EGC.There were significant differences in the accuracy of mini-probe EUS for determining the T stage of EGC among the patients with different tumor diameters,different differentiated types and with or without ulceration (x2=7.834,7.432,6.461,P ＜0.05).The results of multivariate analysis showed that tumor diameter more than 30 mm and undifferentiated types of tumors were independent risk factors affecting the accuracy of miniprobe EUS in determining the T stage of EGC (OR =0.340,0.332,95％ confidence interval:0.563-0.932,0.582-1.022,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions The clinical value of mini-probe EUS in the T stage of EGC is relatively high.The accuracy of mini-probe EUS detecting in the T1 a stage of EGC is higher than the T1 b stage of EGC,and the factors affecting the accuracy of mini-probe EUS in determining preoperative stage of EGC include tumor diameter more than 30 mm and undifferentiated type of tumors.

Objective To detection analysis of blood infectious disease markers in patients before blood transfusion or before surgery .Methods HBsAg ,anti-HBs ,HBeAg ,anti-HBe ,anti-HBc ,anti-HCV ,anti-HIV ,TP-Ab were detected for 3 542 cases of se-rum using chemiluminescence immunoassay(CLIA) and ELISA .Results For HBsAg ,there were 704 cases of positive among 3 542 cases ,the proportion was 19 .8% ;For anti-HCV ,there were 52 cases of positive among 3 032 cases ,the proportion was 1 .72% ;For anti-HIV ,there were 3 cases of positive among 3 049 cases ,the proportion was 0 .09% ;For TP-Ab ,there were 200 cases of positive among 3 153 cases ,the proportion was 6 .34% .The infection rate was different in different gender of HBV ,anti HCV ,anti HIV and TP-Ab .But for HBV ,anti-HCV and TP-Ab ,the detection rate of male was higher than female(P<0 .05);The infection rate was different in different age of HBV ,anti HCV ,anti HIV and TP-Ab different age .The detection rate of HBV and Anti-HCV in 21-40 years old was the highest ,They were 31 .9% and 2 .33% ;The detection rate of TP-Ab increases with age increased ,more than 60 years old was the highest ,up to 7 .55% .Detection of the above two methods ,for HBsAg ,there were 51 cases did not match ,the proportion was 1 .44% ;for anti-HCV ,there were 1 case did not match ,the proportion was 0 .03% ;for Tp-Ab ,there were 3 cases did not match ,the proportion was 0 .1% ;for anti-HIV ,CLIA agrees well with ELISA ,there were 3 cases of positive .The samples that did not match were detected by the third party verification of the reagent .The result displayed that CLIA was more accurate . Conclusion CLIA is a high-sensitivity detection method which could effectively avoid positive specimens missed ,detection of infec-tious disease markers in patients before transfusion or before surgery by CLIA had important significance .

Objective To explore the expression and its significance of growth-associated protein(GAP-43 ) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNK) receptor TrkB gene in rat hippocampus after epilepsy induced by pilocarpine (PILO). Methods In situ hybrid histochemical method was used to observe the changes of the expression of GAP-43 and TrkB mRNA in hippocampus after status epilepticus( SE) induced by PIOL. Results At 3 - 6h following the onset of status epilepticus(SE), TrkB mRNA expression was dramatically high than control groups in the dentate gyrus granule cell and CA3,CA1 pyramidal cell layers(P

Objective To evaluate the effects of electromagnetic irradiation of 2000 μW/cm2 exposure on mRNA and protein expression levels of immunoreactive protein and mRNA of NMDAR1 in rats hippocampal,and to explore the impaired mechanism of electromagnetic irradiation on learning and memory.Methods Rats were randomly divided into normal control group, sham-radiated group, and 1 h/d, 2 h/d, and 3 h/d radiation groups.The rats in the radiation groups were fixed and recieved microwave exposure of 2000 μW/cm2, then their learning and memory abilities were tested by Morris water maze experiment, the change of NR1 protein in hippocampal neurons of each group of rats was measured with immunohistochmistry and western blot techniques, and the expression of NR1 mRNA in hippocampus was determined by RT-PCR.Results In the water maze test,compared with the normal control group (8.8 ± 1.66 ), the escape latency of three radiated groups rats ( 1 h/d ( 12.29 ±1.36) s,2 h/d ( 17.99 ±2.25) s,and 3 h/d (24.66 ±5.56) s) were significantly longer (P＜0.05).In the radiation group,the hippocampal neurons of rats showed evident reduction in the ratio of NR1 positive cells,irregular,and arrayed in disorder.Moreover,compared with the normal control group ( (0.70 ±0.11 ), (0.68 ±0.11 ) ) ,the expession of NR1 protein ( 1 h/d (0.122 ±0.026) ,2 h/d (0.102 ±0.023) ,and 3 h/d (0.060 ± 0.009) ) and its mRNA ( 1 h/d (0.46 ±0.07) ,2 h/d (0.35 ±0.05) ,and 3 h/d (0.12 ±0.02) ) in hippocampal neurons was significantly decreased (P＜0.05).Among the indicators, there was no significant difference between sham-radiated group and normal control group.Conclusions Electromagnetic irradiation of 2000 μW/cm2 exposure can impair the learning and memory abilities of rats possibly through a mechanism correlated with the lower expression of NR1 protein and its mRNA in hippocampus.