A total of 62 cases with autogenous arteriovenous fistulas were examined bv color Doppler ultrasonography.Venous thrombotic manifestations (n =13) and large local hematoma (n =3) were detected.The diameter ranges were around (1.8 ± 0.7) cm for arteriovenous fistula and (2.0 ± 0.8) cm for local hematoma.And there was no statistical significance (t =1.63,P ＞ 0.05).According to edge shape,presence or absence of flow signal and fistula searching,it could be used to identify venous thrombosis and local hematoma of arteriovenous fistula.Color Doppler ultrasound is helpful for the differential diagnosis and the mass properties of arteriovenous fistula so that it provides useful diagnostic information for the clinicians.

To explore the value of local anesthesia under ultrasonic guidance for establishing puncture path of superficial tumor.A total of 144 patients with superficial tumor received local pre-puncture anesthesia under ultrasonic guidance so that all lesions were targeted.Transient aggregation of narcotics was applied for raised (n =12) or superficial (n =15) skin lesions.The clarity of scanning acoustic window was enhanced,the puncture distance of tumor broadened and the mass of axial changed to obtain a longer lymph node cortex.The damage of blood vessels occurred easily due to tumor closeness to large blood vessel or shortened puncture path in 17 cases.Anesthetic drug was injected between tumor and blood vessels to enlarge the thickness for visualizing the puncture needle tract clearly.And puncture was accomplished under the guidance of color Doppler.Therefore a puncture path can be created effectively with local anesthesia by ultrasonic guidance.

Objective To explore the diagnosis value of 3D-power Doppler ultrasound in differentiating benign and malignant breast masses in elderly patients.Methods A retrospective study of 53 lesions in 45 patients was performed,and breast masses were divided into benign and malignant group by pathological diagnosis after operation.Display of cross,vertical and coronal plane of total 53 masses were automatically acquired by 3D-power Doppler examination before operation,and 3D imaging of masses were reconstructed by virtual organ computer-aided analysis.The vascular morphology inside and beside the breast neoplasm was observed by tomographic ultrasound imagine layer by layer in different sections.Vascular distribution characteristics were divided into penetrating,central,surrounding and few vessel type.Quantitative analysis of vascularization-flow index inside the breast neoplasm was measured by 3D-power Doppler histogram.Results The difference in vascular distribution characteristics by 3D-power Doppler ultrasound was statistically significant between 15 (28.3％) benign and 38 (71.7％) malignant lesions(x2=19.52,P＜0.01).The case number of presence of penetrating vessels was 26(68.4％)in the malignantuniors.The sensitivity and specificity of penetrating vessel diagnosed malignant breast tumor were 68.4％ and 86.7％.Vascular distribution characteristics of benign masses was mainly of surrounding vessel type(53.3％).Vascularization-flow index was higher in malignant group than in benign group [(1.32 ± 1.58) vs.(0.63 ± 0.53),t=2.187,P＜0.05].Conclusions 3D-power Doppler ultrasound completely presents the vessel stereoscopical distribution and shows quantificationally blood perfusion of breast neoplasm.The 3D-power Doppler ultrasound is superior to conventional ultrasound for enhancing differential diagnosis ability between benign and malignant breast tumors.

Objective To study the ultrasonographic characteristics and significance of color Doppler ultrasound in the diagnose of soft tissue haematoma in the elderly.Methods Totally 45 elderly patients with soft tissue hematoma were retrospectively analyzed.Hematoma were divided into 3 types:traumatic hematoma,iatrogenic hematoma and spontaneous hematoma.The ultrasonographic features of hematoma including location,size,shape,internal echo,boundary and relationship with around muscles were detected by color Doppler ultrasound.Results The ultrasonographic diagnostic rate of soft tissue haematoma was 98.0％ (44/45) in this study.The haematomas in patients were found in the soft tissues of many body parts and the types were mainly iatrogenic and spontaneous haematomas (42.0％ and 40.0％ respectviely).The traumatic hematomas and iatrogenic hematomas could be found in the early stage by ultrasound due to the trauma history,and the sonograms were mainly equal and low echo (75.0％ and 80.0％ respectively).Traumatic hematoma was found between the disorder muscles,and partial ruptured muscle fibers could be detected within or around the hematoma.Iatrogenic hematoma was mainly located around the vessels,which were compressed to the deep part as compared with the vessel in contralateral.Spontaneous haematoma was not almost found in the early stage and could be easily ignored and misdiagnosed.Spontaneous hematoma was mainly located within muscle fibers or fatty layers,presented anechoic area with irregular hypoechoic between the muscles and had well-defined hyperechoic boundary with compressed muscles around it.Conclusions Color Doppler ultrasound has a reliable diagnosis of soft tissue haematoma with quick,noninvasive,convenient for follow-up advantages in the elderly.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the feasibility of using immunohistochemical technique to detect the presence of fetal erythroblasts in the maternal circulation for prenatal diagnosis.

METHODSMaternal blood was obtained from 30 pregnant women at 8 to 26 weeks of gestation. Nucleated red blood cells (NRBCs) were separated with Percoll using a discontinuous density gradient method, and then smeared on microscope slides using cytocentrifugation. Slides were stained with antibody against the gamma-chain of fetal hemoglobin (HbF). All positive NRBCs were collected by micromanipulator under microscopic observation, and then amplified by improved primer extension preamplification(PEP). Sex and Duchenne's musclar dystrophy (DMD) genetic diagnosis were determined from a small aliquot of the PEP reaction.

RESULTSNRBCs stained with HbF were found in all of the blood from the 30 pregnant women at 8 to 26 weeks of gestation. 17 male fetuses and 13 female fetuses were detected in the 30 cases. These results coincided with those of induced labor or amniotic fluid control, and 8 fetuses at the risk of DMD were diagnosed.

CONCLUSIONThis diagnostic method using immunohistochemical technique to mark fetal NRBC shows good application prospects.

Antibodies, Monoclonal ; immunology ; Erythroblasts ; immunology ; metabolism ; Female ; Fetal Hemoglobin ; immunology ; Gestational Age ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Microscopy ; Pregnancy ; Prenatal Diagnosis ; methods

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the use of homologous gene quantitative PCR (HGQ-PCR) as a method for non-invasive diagnosis of Down syndrome and for prevention of the birth of Down syndrome children.

METHODSHGQ-PCR, which can directly detect the additional copy of chromosome 21 by comparing simultaneously amplified two highly homologous genes, i.e. the human liver-type phosphofructokinase located on chromosome 21 critical region of Down syndrome (PFKL-CH21) and the human muscle-type phosphofructokinase located on chromosome 1 (PFKM-CH1), was performed in 38 clinically diagnosed Down syndrome patients and 178 normal controls.

RESULTSThe ratios of PFKM-CH1/PFKL-CH21 products were 1.40 +/- 0.367 (mean +/- SD) and 0.46 +/- 0.21 (mean +/- SD) for disomy 21 and trisomy 21, respectively. The difference between these two groups was statistically significant (P<0.001).

CONCLUSIONThis approach has proven to be a practical and direct method for the detection of trisomy 21 and may also be applied to the detection of the extra piece of 21q involved in translocation-type of Down syndrome.

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1 ; genetics ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21 ; genetics ; Down Syndrome ; diagnosis ; genetics ; Female ; Humans ; Phosphofructokinases ; genetics ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; methods ; Pregnancy ; Prenatal Diagnosis ; methods ; Reproducibility of Results ; Sensitivity and Specificity

OBJECTIVETo assess the relationship of homozygous deletion status of p16 (MTS1/INK4a/CDKN2A), p15(MTS2/INK4b/CDKN2B) genes and laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma(LSCC) progression.

METHODSDNA was extracted from fresh tumors. Homozygous deletion of p16 exon 2(p16E2) in 80 cases of LSCC and p15 exon 2(p15E2) in 67 cases of LSCC were detected by the polymerase chain reaction technique.

RESULTSThe p16E2 deletion rate in 80 cases was 12.5%(10/80); the p15E2 deletion rate in 67 cases was 11.94%(8/67); the p16E2 and p15E2 codeletion rate in 67 cases was 5.97%(4/67).

CONCLUSIONHomozygous deletion of p16E2 and p15E2 is related with LSCC oncogenesis, and it may play a role to some extent in LSCC malignant progression.

Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ; genetics ; Cell Cycle Proteins ; Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p15 ; Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16 ; genetics ; Gene Deletion ; Genetic Markers ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Homozygote ; Humans ; Introns ; genetics ; Laryngeal Neoplasms ; genetics ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; methods ; Transcription Factors ; genetics ; Tumor Suppressor Proteins