The evaluation of visual quality about human eyes has always been an important issue in the field of eye science and visual optics,and it is mainly divided into subjective evaluation method and objective evaluation method,evaluation indicators including visual acuity,contrast sensitivity,wavefront aberration and retinal straylight,and so on.In addition,according to different principles and standards,visual system imaging quality evaluation methods can also be divided into visual refractive system and retinal nerve system evaluation,geometrical optics and physical optics evaluation,static and dynamic visual function evaluation.The selection of visual quality evaluation method should be considered from multiple dimensions on comprehensive consideration.in recent years,the improvement of quality of life promotes the development of visual quality assessment methods,and more attention is paid to the evaluation of continuous functional visual acuity.This article reviews the research progress of visual quality assessment methods.

OBJECTIVE:To study the effects of Yupingfeng powder on immune function of rats with lung-qi deficiency syn-drome. METHODS:60 SD rats were randomly divided into normal group,model group,positive group [Renshen beiqi tablet 0.6 g (crude drug)/kg] and Yupingfeng powder high-dose,medium-dose and low-dose groups [24,12,6 g (crude drug)/kg],with 10 rats in each group. Except for normal group,those groups were given SO2+comprehensive cold stimulation to induce lung-qi defi-ciency syndrome model. After modeling,treatment groups were given relevant drug solutions intragastrically,and normal group and model group were given constant volume of normal saline intragastrically,once a day,for consecutive 13 d. After administra-tion,serum levels of IL-3 and IL-6,the proportion of CD3+,CD4+,CD8+in T lymphocyte were determined,and pathological chang-es of lung and bronchus were observed. RESULTS:Compared with normal group,serum levels of IL-3 and IL-6 and the propor-tion of CD8+ in T lymphocyte increased significantly in model group,while the proportions of CD3+ and CD4+ in T lymphocyte and the ratio of CD4+/CD8+ decreased(P<0.01);obvious lung and bronchus injury and inflammatory reaction were observed. Compared with model group,serum level of IL-3 decreased significantly in positive group and Yupingfeng powder high-dose group;serum level of IL-6 and the proportion of CD8 + in T lymphocyte decreased significantly in positive group and Yupingfeng powder high-dose and medium-dose groups,while the proportion of CD3+ in T lymphocyte increased significantly;the proportion of CD4+and the ratio of CD4+/CD8+increased significantly in treatment groups(P<0.05 or P<0.01);lung and bronchial injury,and inflam-mation reaction were relieved. CONCLUSIONS:Yupingfeng powder can enhance immune function of rats with lung-qi deficiency syndrome.

Objective To compare the molluscicidal effects between“Luo-wei”(TDS),a plant molluscicide in 4 percent, and metaldehyde and niclosamide(MNSC)in the field. Methods A natural ecological environment with Oncomelania hupensis was selected as the test area,the test concentrations of TDS and MNSC were 2.5 g/m3 and 2 ml/m3 respectively by the immersion method;the test doses of TDS and MNSC were 3 g/m2 and 2 ml/m2 respectively by the spray method;the doses of WPN in a control group were 2 g/m3 and 2 g/m2 respectively by the two methods above-mentioned. The molluscicidal effects between TDS and MNSC were compared by using the synchronous design method and parallel comparative method. Results In the TDS group,the death rate of snails was 90.70%by immersion for 24 hours,reached to 81.40%after spraying for 7 days,and there were no significant differences among the observation time points in molluscicidal effects(P>0.05). One day after the spraying,the death rate of snails was less in the TDS group compared with that in the MSCN group(P<0.01),but the death rates of snails were similar in both groups 3 days after the spraying(P>0.05). In the MSCN group,the death rate of snails was 99.17%by immersion for 24 hours,reached to 66.07% by spraying for 1 day. In the WPS group,the death rate of snails was 97.15% by immersion for 24 hours,reached to 71.43%after spraying for 1 day,and there were no significant differences(both P>0.05). Conclusion TDS has a good molluscicidal activity and stable efficacy,and the molluscicidal effect of TDS is similar to that of MSCN in the filed, but the molluscicidal sensitivity of TDS is lower than that of MSCN.

Objective: To evaluate the repeatability and reproducibility of swept-source optical coherence tomography biometrics (Tomey OA-2000) for measuring the biological parameters of the eyeballs in healthy people. Methods: A diagnostic test was carried out in this study.One hundred and three healthy volunteers who were recuited from July to September 2018 in Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College were included, and the right eyes were examined.Two examiners used OA-2000 for 3 consecutive measurements, respectively.One week later, the first examiner used OA-2000 for 3 consecutive measurements.The ocular biological parameters including axial length (AL), anterior chamber depth (ACD), corneal curvature (K), lens thickness (LT), central corneal thickness (CCT), pupil diameter (PD), and white to white (WTW) were measured.The repeatability and reproducibility of each parameter based on within-subject standard deviation (S_W), repeatability limit of standard deviation (2.77S_W), coefficient of variation (CoV) and intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) was evaluated.This study followed the Declaration of Helsinki.This study protocol was approved by Ethic Committee of the Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College (No.2018ER[A]019). Results: Of the ocular biological parameters measured by OA-2000, CoV was less than 2% while ICC was greater than 0.950, except PD and WTW.The repeatability and reproducibility of K, AL and ACD were all good.For K₁(ø=2.5 mm and 3.0 mm), the S_W was less than 0.120 D, the 2.77S_W was less than 0.350 D, the CoV was less than 0.293%, and the ICC was greater than 0.990; For K₂ (ø = 2.5 mm and 3.0 mm) , the S_W were less than 0.175 D, the 2.77S_W were less than 0.485 D, the CoV was less than 0.396%, the ICC was greater than 0.980; for K_m (ø = 2.5 mm and 3.0 mm), the S_W were less than 0.099 D, 2.77S_W were less than 0.275 D, CoV was less than 0.227%, ICC was greater than 0.996; ACD S_W was less than 0.024 mm, 2.77S_W was less than 0.066 mm, CoV was less than 0.668%, ICC were greater than 0.993; the S_W of AL was less than 0.014 mm, the 2.77S_W was less than 0.038 mm, the CoV was less than 0.057%, and all of the ICCs were 1.000. Conclusions Except PD and WTW, the ocular biological parameters measured by OA-2000 have good repeatability and reproducibility, in which the accuracy of AL measurement is the highest.

Although binocular vision problems do not appear to be one of the common complications of refractive surgery, the available evidence suggests that these problems can occur after refractive surgery, and preoperative binocular vision status may predict the risk of postoperative binocular vision anomalies.Furthermore, because ophthalmologists usually do not clearly recognize binocular vision, or they do not pay enough attention to it, the existing literature may underestimate the actual prevalence of binocular vision problems after refractive surgery.This paper discusses the existing literature on refractive surgery-related binocular vision anomalies and recommends a screening protocol and risk stratification.It also discusses the expected results of binocular vision testing, the diagnostic criteria for common binocular vision problems, and strategies for treating these anomalies before and after refractive surgery.

Recently,optical biometers based on swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) technology have been applied to clinical ophthalmology.Compared with previous optical biometers,SS-OCT instruments have many advantages,such as faster processes,more accurate results,higher detection rate,and more built-in formulas for calculating the intraocular lens (IOL) power;moreover,SS-OCT images can be used to detect preliminary maculopathy and predict postoperative tilt of IOL.In this paper,we reviewed the application of SS-OCT biometer in cataract,mainly focus on the principle of work,the evaluation of repeatability and reproducibility,the consistency comparison with other biometers,and the application of SS-OCT in other aspects of cataract.

With the improvement of cataract examination methods,intraocular lens (IOL) design and process,surgical equipments and techniques,cataract surgery was gradually developed from vision rehabilitation to refractive surgery.Therefore,the assessment of visual quality is getting more attention.Clinically,in addition to the extension of concept of visual acuity,contrast sensitivity function (CSF),modulation transfer function (MTF),point spread function (PSF),wavefront aberration and scattering index are also used,with a view to making a comprehensive assessment of visual quality of cataract patients preoperatively and postoperatively.Ophthalmologists should pay attention to the methods and results of evaluation on the visual quality,to provide support for the design of personalized surgery and the improvement of visual quality.

Objective:To analyze the current status and hotspots of myopia research in the past 10 years and the future development direction based on the bibliometric method.Methods:Relevant original research and reviews on myopia published from January 1, 2013 to December 31, 2022 were retrieved from the Web of Science core database.Co-occurrence analysis of countries, research organizations, and authors was performed using the VOSviewer software.Cluster analysis of keywords and co-cited references was performed using the CiteSpace software.Results:A total of 9 745 articles were included, involving 123 countries/regions, 7 150 institutions, and 29 343 authors.The analysis revealed that the global publication in myopia has been increasing, with China having the highest publication, and research from the United States being the most cited.Keyword analysis showed that the early hotspots of myopia mainly focused on refractive surgery, diagnosis and treatment of complications, genetics, and epidemiological characteristics, while recent research has rapidly shifted towards myopia prevention and control.The results of the cluster analysis of the co-cited references showed that myopia research contained several clusters, such as #0 school-aged children, #1 small incision lenticule extraction, #2 myopia control, #3 refractive error, #4 contact lenses, etc.The current research frontier focuses on myopia management technology, myopia and retinal and choroidal vessels, and the application of artificial intelligence in myopia.Conclusions:Myopia research in the past 10 years covers a wide range of disciplines, including ophthalmology, molecular biology, genetics, optometry and epidemiology.In the future, there is a need to further explore the etiology and pathogenesis of myopia, enhance early identification and screening methods, improve management techniques for myopia, advance artificial intelligence-assisted diagnosis of myopia to develop more effective and safe strategies for myopia prevention and control.

Objective:To evaluate the difference and agreement of cycloplegic refraction between adaptive optics visual simulator (VAO) and conventional refraction methods.Methods:A diagnostic test study was conducted.Thirty-one eyes of 31 healthy subjects including 15 males and 16 females were enrolled in November, 2019 in Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College.Mean age of the subjects was (20.1±1.0) years, and the right eye was taken for data analysis.Cycloplegic refraction was measured by VAO and conventional refraction methods, respectively.Spherical power, cylindrical power, Jackson cross-cylinder power at axis 90° and 180° (J 0) and Jackson cross-cylinder power at axis 45° and 135° (J 45) vector powers were recorded.Paired t-test was used to compare the refractive parameters between different refraction methods, and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Bland-Altman plots were used to evaluate the agreement between VAO and conventional refraction methods.This study adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki, and the research protocal was approved by an Ethics Committee of Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College (No.2020ER[A]018). Written informed consent was obtained from each subject prior to any medical examination. Results:For subjective refraction, the ICC for spherical power, cylindrical power, J 0 and J 45 between VAO and phoropter were 0.97, 0.75, 0.84 and 0.09, respectively.For objective refraction, the ICC for spherical power, cylindrical power, J 0 and J 45 between VAO and autorefractor were 0.98, 0.70, 0.74 and 0.61, respectively.The mean differences in spherical power, cylindrical power, J 0 and J 45 between VAO and phoropter were (0.05±0.32), (-0.23±0.28), (-0.10±0.14) and (-0.04±0.16)D, respectively, and the differences in cylindrical power and J 0 were statistically significant (both at P<0.01), whereas no significant differences in spherical power and J 45 were found ( P=0.41, 0.18). The mean differences in spherical power, cylindrical power, J 0 and J 45 measured by VAO and autorefractor were (-0.70±0.26), (-0.07±0.46), (-0.03±0.27) and (0.01±0.12)D, respectively, and the spherical power measurement by VAO was significantly more negative than the autorefractor ( t=15.09, P<0.01), while no significant differences in cylindrical power, J 0 and J 45 were found ( P=0.39, 0.59, 0.63). No significant difference values in spherical power, cylindrical power, J 0 and J 45 were found between the two objective refraction methods and phoropter subjective refraction (all at P>0.05). Conclusions:With cycloplegia, spherical power obtained by VAO objective refraction is more negative compared with autorefractor.There is a good agreement of spherical power and astigmatism vector values measured by VAO and phoropter subjective refraction, and the measurement differences are clinically acceptable.

Adaptive optics (AO) can measure and correct wavefront aberrations in real time, which enables the optical system to adapt to external changes and maintain excellent optical performance, and has been gradually paid attention in the field of ophthalmology.AO technology can carry out optometry according to wavefront aberrations to improve the efficiency and accuracy of subjective and objective refraction, eliminate the influence of ocular aberrations on retinal imaging, provide more accurate data for the evaluation of optic nerve function, improve the effectiveness of visual perception training and provide vision care and treatment for special people, as well as simulate and predict postoperative visual outcome and give personalized schemes for refractive surgery and intraocular lens implantation.Moreover, AO combined with optical coherence tomography, optical scanning laser ophthalmoscope, and confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope, can realize fundus imaging and retinal vascular imaging in real time, provide better sensitivity and resolution of retinal detection, distinguish fine details of retinal vessels and cone cells, and characterize retinal pigment epithelium topology and deformation, the application of which in posterior segment laser surgery, glaucoma diagnosis and follow-up, color blindness and retinal physiological activity research has been attracting attention.In this article, the principle and application of AO in ophthalmology were briefly reviewed.