Multiple etiological factors are integrally involved in the development of hepatitis B virus (HBV)infection.Interleukin-10 (IL-10)is an essential cytokine of immune regulation,and IL-10 gene promoter polymorphism affects its mRNA transcription and serum level. IL-10 is related to the prognosis of HBV infection.This review briefly discusses the association of IL-10 gene polymorphism and its serum level with the prognosis of HBV infection,and summarizes the role of IL-10,as an anti-inflammatory cytokine,in host immune function, the prognosis and progression of HBV infection,and HBV-related complications.IL-10 gene polymorphism and its serum level are closely associated with inflammatory response after HBV infection,influence HBV clearance,and are related to the severity of HBV-related liver injury,liver cirrhosis,and hepatocellular carcinoma.The determination of IL-10 gene and serum levels may provide a predictive marker for the prognosis of HBV infection.

Measles is an acute viral disease, almost all deaths cases of measles in children occur in developing countries each year.Despite the availability of a safe and effective vaccine, measles is still one of the main causes of death of children in global area.2015 report of Committee on Infectious Diseases of American provided evidence of clinical diagnosis, treatment and prevention of measles.

As a widely accepted and convenient method,the Apgar score has been applied to assess the status of the newborn infants and the response to resuscitation since 1952.But the Apgar score has also been used inappropriately in infants to predict specific neurologic outcomes in many cases.The Apgar Score produced by American Academy of Pediatrics(AAP) in collaboration with American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists(ACOG),updated policy statements of the Apgar score in October 2015.The Apgar score has limitations,and it is not appropriate to use it alone to establish the diagnosis of asphyxia;the method does not predict individual neonatal mortality or neurologic outcome.AAP/ACOG encourages the use of an expanded Apgar score reporting form that accounts for concurrent resuscitation interventions.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the delayed cytotoxicity effect of chlorpyrifos (CPF) with?drawal on primary hippocampal neurons. METHODS Hippocampal neurons were prepared from SD rat fetuses on the 17th day of gestation. Seven days after culture,neurons were exposed to CPF 10 and 30 μmol · L-1,respectively,for 72 h or for 48 h followed by CPF withdrawal for 24 h. CCK-8 kit and neuronal nuclei(NeuN), 5-bromodeoxyuridine(BrdU) and β Ⅲ tubulin immunofluorescence expression methods were used to evaluate the cell viability. RESULTS Compared with normal control, no significant cytotoxicity was found after CPF 72 h continuous exposure. However,CPF 48 h expo?sure followed by CPF withdrawal for 24 h induced evident cytotoxicity. The amount of BrdU positive and β Ⅲ tubulin positive hippocampal neurons were both decreased significantly(P<0.05),and cell survival and viability reduced after CPF withdrawal. CONCLUSION CPF exposure withdrawal can induce more seriously delayed cytotoxicity than continuous exposure in rat primary hippocampal neurons.

Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy as a standard term has been used for over 30 years,but now increasingly being questioned.Most experts recommend using neonatal encephalopathy instead of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy.The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists and The American Academy of Pediatrics published separately the report of Task Force on Neonatal Encephalopathy Neonatal Encephalopathy and Neurologic Outcome,Second Edition in 2014.Definition,diagnosis and treatment of neonatal encephalopathy and other content have been updated in the report.It is recommended that a comprehensive multidimensional assessment be performed of neonatal encephalopathy.This article will introduce the controversy about neonatal encephalopathy or hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy and contents of the report of Task Force on Neonatal Encephalopathy.

Bronchiolitis is a common lower respiratory tract viral infection in infants.Incidence of bronchiolitis is greatly increasing in recent years,and seriously affecting the health of children.In order to better manage bronchiolitis,American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) convened a new subcommittee to review and revise the 2006 bronchiolitis guideline.This evidence-based guideline amended to provide new evidence of diagnosis,treatment and prevention bronchiolitis for the clinician.

Blood transfusion therapy is one of the commonly used intervention in newborn infants.Red blood cell transfusion is the only treatment for most cases of neonatal anemia,but the indications of application and implementation strategy are not yet perfect,and the benefits,adverse outcomes and potential risk of transfusion remains to be evaluated.There are many uncertain problems in transfusion management.This paper mainly introduces the evidence-based recommendations of neonatal blood transfusion released by Italian Society of Transfusion Medicine and Immunohaematology and Italian Society of Neonatology Working Group for reference of domestic clinicians.

Neonatal pain is a common phenomenon. For a long time neonatal pain had not been focus on properly and managed appropriately. American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Fetus and Newborn and Section on Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine published policy statement to emphasize the necessity of neonatal pain assessment,and summarize the neonatal operability pain assessment method,drug and non-drug control measures,also update prevention and management of procedural pain in the neonate in 2016. Until today the guideline for neonatal pain management has not yet been released in China. As the reference for clinicians in domestic,the content of policy statement will be reorganized and introduced.

Objective: To investigate the characteristics of HIV-1 molecular transmission network among HIV/AIDS patients in parts of Jiangxi Province, so as to provide insights into guiding AIDS prevention and intervention. Methods: The HIV/AIDS patients newly reported from January to June 2018 in Shangrao City, Yichun City and Ganzhou City were recruited, and demographic information and infection routes were collected. Blood samples were obtained to extract HIV RNA, and HIV-1 pol gene was amplified and sequenced using reverse transcription PCR and nested PCR assays. Gene subtypes were analyzed by constructing a phylogenetic tree. Molecular transmission network was constructed using gene-set distance, and the clustering patterns and the characteristics of HIV/AIDS patients within the clusters were analyzed. Results: A total of 305 pol gene sequences were obtained successfully, including 231 males (75.74%), 184 patients aged 50 years and above (60.33%), and 288 patients with heterosexual contact (94.43%). The main subtypes were CRF07_BC and CRF01_AE, accounting for 51.48% and 29.18%, respectively. Ganzhou City had the most genetic subtypes, with 8 types. Under the 1.0% gene distance threshold, 27 molecular clusters were established, with 107 nodes and 150 edges, and the molecular clustering rate was 35.08%. The largest molecular cluster involved 30 patients from 7 counties (districts) of Shangrao City. All of them were CRF07_BC subtypes, had an average age of (63.03±9.46) years, and were infected through heterosexual contact. Among the 17 patients with high transmission risk (degree value≥4), 10 patients came from Yushan County. Conclusions The main subtypes of HIV-1 are CRF07_BC and CRF01_AE in parts of Jiangxi Province, and the subtypes in Ganzhou City are diversified. There may be potential transmission risk points in Yushan County.

Objective To explore the optimization of intubations for severe brain injury patients in ICU. Methods Seventy-six severe brain injury patients were divided into research group and traditional group through the envelop method, with 38 patients in each group. Patients in research group was induced by dexmedetomidine, while patients in traditional group was induced by midazolam or propofol. Throat and intratrachea surface anesthesia was taken with 3 ml of 1%lidocaine on two groups before intubation, and they were intubated through direct laryngoscope. Patients were connected with breathing machines after intubation, and the arterial carbondioxide partial pressure was maintained at 30-35 mmHg (1 mmHg=0.133 kPa). Intubations time, one-time success rate, cardiovascular reaction index, myocardial damage and heart failure biomarkers, adverse reaction, patients comfort and intubationists satisfaction of the two groups were compared. Results The intubation time on research group was significantly shorter than that on traditional group [(27.1 ± 14.2) s vs. (42.2 ± 18.7) s], and there was statistical significance (P<0.01). The one-time success rates in two groups was not statistically significant (P>0.05). The heart rates and mean arterial pressure (MAP) at pre-intubation, post-intubation, 5 min after intubation and 10 min after intubation in research group were significantly lower than those in traditional group:heart rate:(77.8 ± 8.5) bpm vs. (85.1 ± 7.6) bpm, (85.3 ± 9.1) bpm vs. (106.4 ± 12.5) bpm, (84.4 ± 10.4) bpm vs. (96.4 ± 11.9) bpm, (80.5 ± 12.1) bpm vs. (89.0 ± 10.5) bpm;MAP: (82.6 ± 10.1) mmHg (1 mmHg = 0.133 kPa) vs. (93.2 ± 14.3) mmHg, (88.3 ± 13.2) mmHg vs. (113.7 ± 15.1) mmHg, (85.4 ± 14.0) mmHg vs. (101.3 ± 9.9) mmHg, (83.7 ± 10.7) mmHg vs. (90.3 ± 13.4) mmHg, and there were statistical significances (P<0.05). There was no statistical significance of SpO2 between groups at every time point (P>0.05). For 6 and 12 h after intubation, creatine kinase isoenzyme MB (CK-MB), cardiac troponin T (cTnT) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels in research group were significantly lower than those in traditional group:CK-MB:(30.5 ± 7.2) U/L vs. (35.2 ± 10.1) U/L, (25.7 ± 5.7) U/L vs. (27.7 ± 6.5) U/L;cTnT:(0.6 ± 0.2) μg/L vs. (0.8 ± 0.1) μg/L, (0.5 ± 0.2) μg/L vs. (0.6 ± 0.2) μg/L;BNP:(152.6 ± 13.7) pg/L vs. (189.4 ± 19.3) pg/L, (89.7 ± 27.5) pg/L vs. (111.8 ± 20.4) pg/L, and there were statistical significances (P<0.05). There were no significant adverse reactions in two groups after topical anesthesia. The comfort and intubationists satisfaction scores in research group were significantly higher than those in traditional group: (2.5 ± 0.4) scores vs. (1.8 ± 0.5) scores and (8.8 ± 1.1) scores vs. (7.1 ± 0.9) scores, and there were statistical significance (P<0.01). Conclusions Combining dexmedetomidine induction with topical anesthesia to intubate is safe and effective, which is the optimization of tracheal intubations to severe brain injury patients.