Objective To verify that traditional Chinese medicines have certain price advantages compared with western medicines,and to estimate the rational increase in the compensation proportion of traditional Chinese medicine in the new rural cooperative medical system.Methods Using stratified sampling survey and literature review,the average outpatient and hospitalization expenses in the treatment of common diseases in rural areas were calculated and compared among traditional Chinese medicine,western medicine,and integrated traditional and western medicine.Results For average outpatient and hospitalization expenses,traditional Chinese medicine was lower than western medicine,integrated traditional and western medicine was lower than western medicine.and traditional Chinese medicine was lower than integrated traditional and western medicine.For hospitalization expense,traditional Chinese medicine had a 25.2%lower expense compared with western medicine.The ratios of expenses were statistically calculated,and the mathematical model for the compensation proportions of traditional Chinese medicine and western medicine in the new rural cooperative medical system was put forward.Conclusions In the implementation scheme of new rural cooperative medical system,the compensation proportion of traditional Chinese medicine in outpatient and hospitalization expenses should be increased by 25%and 33%respectively compared with western medicine.

Objective To explore the effect of antimicrobial use density (AUD) on the detection rate of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and antimicrobial resistance rate of healthcare-associated Staphylococcus aureus (HA-SA) half a year later.Methods From 2012 to 2015,all types of AUD,detection rate of MRSA,and antimicrobial resistance rate of HA-SA were calculated semiannually,correlation between antimicrohial resistance rate of HA-SA and all types of AUD in the same first half of year were analyzed with correlation analysis and multiple linear regression.Results From the first half of 2012 to the latter half of 2015,the total AUD declined from 128.2 to 49.0,except the AUD of carbapenems rose,AUD of other antimicrobial agents declined.From the latter half of 2012 to the latter half of 2015,104 249 patients were admitted to the hospital,and 1 008 strains of SA were isolated from 40 884 specimens,857 (85.02％) of which were community-associated SA(CA SA) and 151 (14.98％) were HA-SA.Isolation rate of HA-MRSA declined from 31.25％ in the latter half of 2012 to 12.50％ in the latter half of 2015;isolation rate of CA-MRSA rose from 7.08％ to 16.08％,resistance rate of HA-SA was generally higher than that of CA-SA.Antimicrobial resistance rate of HA-SA to ciprofloxacin remained the same,to levofloxacin increased,to 8 other antimicrobial agents all declined;resistance rates of CA-SA to oxacillin,ciprofloxacin,clindamycin,gentamicin,and levofloxacin increased,but to other antimicrobial agents declined;no SA strains was found to be resistant to vancomycin and linezolid.The resistance rate of HA-SA to azithromycin and erythrocin was correlated with the AUD of macrolides,resistance rate of HA-SA to clindamycin was correlated wvith the AUD of aminoglycosides,to gentamicin was correlated with the AUD of macrolides and the total AUD.Conclusion The selective pressure of antimicrobial agents is still the important cause of the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance,decreasing the AUD of antimicrobial agents will help for reducing the detection rate of HA-MRSA and drug resistance rate of HA-SA.

Objective To verify the correlation between rs17118 polymorphism of xyluloknase homolog (XYLB) gene and risk of ischemic stroke in a Chinese Han population.Methods A case-control study design was used.The case group was the patients with first-ever ischemic stroke and the control group was the healthy subjects from hospital physical examination.Taqman probe fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction technique was used to detect the genotype distribution of rs17118 C/A polymorphisms.Results A total of 475 patients with ischemic stroke and 483 controls were enrolled in the study.The proportion of hypertension (67.9％ vs.22.2％;x2 =292.982,P ＜ 0.001) and diabetes (24.2％ vs.7.3％;x2 =25.864,P ＜ 0.001),as well as the levels of triacylglycerol (1.649 ± 1.126 mmol/L vs.1.157 ±1.480 mmol/L;t=3.592,P＜0.001),and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (3.499 ± 1.163 mmol/L vs.3.105 ± 0.627 mmol/L;t =-6.227,P ＜ 0.001) in the case group were significantly higher than those in the control group,but the total cholesterol level was significantly lower than that in the control group (5.144 ± 1.296 mmol/L vs.5.491 ± 1.335 mmol/L;t =4.650,P ＜ 0.001).The AA genotyp e (11.4％ vs.7.5 ％;x2 =6.136,P =0.016) and A allele (32.3 ％ vs.26.4％;x2 =8.093,P =0.005) frequencies in the case group were significantly higher than those in the control group.Multivariatelogistic regression analysis showed that after adjusting for traditional risk factors,the risk of ischemic stroke in AA genotype carriers was 1.97 times of the CC genotype carriers (odds ratio 1.971,95％ confidence interval 1.040-3.736,P=0.038).Conclusions The rsl7118C/A polymorphism of XYLB gene may be associated with the risk of ischemic stroke in the Chinese Han population.

Objective To analyze the variations of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 1 like gene (GPD1-L) and address the association with sudden m anhood death syndrom e (SMDS). Methods The genom ic DNA was extracted from blood sam ples of the SMDS group and the norm alcontrolgroup.The exons, exon-in-tron boundaries and 3′-U TRs of coding region of GPD1-L w ere PCRam plified and DNAsequenced di-rectly to confirm the types of variations. The genotype frequency and allele frequency w ere analyzed statistically. Results There w ere tw ovariants in the SMDS group, c.465C>Tand c.*18G>T, the latter existed certain degree difference of genotype distribution and allele frequency betw een the SMDS group and the control group, but there was no statistically significant (P>0.05). Conclusion The relation be-tw een gene m utation of GPD1-L and the occurrence of Chinese SMDS deserves a further research.

ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of rhPTH (1-34) and elcatonin on bone metabolism and serum secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine ( SPARC ) in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis.Methods One hundred and twenty-four postmenopausal women with osteoporosis were randomly divided into 2 groups:One group was treated with recombinant human parathyroid hormone ( 1-34 ) [ rhPTH ( 1-34 ) ] 200 U/d by subcutaneous injection (PTH group,n =89 )and another group was treated with elcatonin 20 U/week by intramuscular injection (CT group,n =35 ) for 12 months.All patients received a basic therapy with oral calcium ( Ca 600 mg+ Vit D3125 U,q..d.).The bone mineral density ( BMD ) of lumbar spine( L2-4 ),the left femoral neck,greater trochanter,and Ward's triangle,serum calcium and phosphate were measured by baseline,6 months' and 12 months.Levels of serum bone-specific alkaline phosphatase( BSAP),serum secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC)were determined by an ELISA assay.ResultsBy 12 months,rhPTH ( 1-34 ) treatment significantly increased the lumbar spine L2-4 BMD 7.9％ (P＜0.05),serum calcium 8.3 ％ ( P＜ 0.05 ),serum BSAP 93.4％ ( P＜ 0.05 ),serum SPARC by 12.6％[ ( 195.68±59.57 vs 173.81 ±81.33 ) pμg/L,P＜0.05 ].Elcatonin therapy increased the lumbar spine L2-4 BMD by 3.2％ (P＜0.05) at the end of 12 months,but elcatonin did not influence serum calcium,BSAP and SPARC.The rhPTH( 1-34 ) increased lumbar spine L2-4 BMD more than elcatonin did at 12 months( P＜0.05 ).ConclusionrhPTH (1-34) could promote the bone anabolism more effectively than elcatonin did.Serum SPARC may play an important role in promoting osteogenesis by rhPTH.

Objective: Previous cross-sectional studies suggested that elevated levels of total cholesterol content of erythrocyte membrane (CEM) could significantly increase the risk of acute coronary syndrome (ACS). The purpose of the present study was to assess the predictive value of baseline CEM levels for the risk of clinical endpoint events in patients with ACS through prospective follow-up studies. Methods: This study is a prospective follow-up study, which consisted of 859 patients with first ACS (698 patients with unstable angina pectoris and 161 patients with acute myocardial infarction), diagnosed and hospitalized in the First and Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University. The routine blood lipid levels and CEM were measured. Patients were divided into two groups according to the median of baseline CEM: CEM≤131.56 μg/mg group (n=430) and CEM>131.56 μg/mg group (n=429). Patients were followed up at 6 months interval. The clinical endpoints were nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, all-cause mortality, all-cause mortality, heart failure requiring hospitalization, and coronary artery revascularization. Kaplan-Meier curve analysis and Cox proportional hazard model were used to analyze the impact of elevated CEM on the occurrence of clinical end-point events. HR values and 95%CI of each variable were obtained. Cox regression analysis of all-cause mortality was performed according to whether patients had risk factors for coronary heart disease (hypertension, diabetes, smoking and elevated LDL-C) and whether they were treated with PCI. Results: The follow-up time was 1 640 (1 380, 2 189) days. Cox analysis after adjustment showed that an elevated baseline of CEM (>131.56 μg/mg) was associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality (HR=1.690, 95%CI 1.041-2.742, P=0.034), but had no significant predictive effect on the other clinical endpoints. Subgroup analysis showed that elevated baseline CEM levels in ACS patients with LDL-C>1.8 mmol/L (HR=1.687, 95%CI 1.026-2.774, P=0.039), receiving in-hospital PCI (HR=2.365, 95%CI 1.054-5.307, P=0.037), or male (HR=1.794, 95%CI 1.010-3.186, P=0.046) were associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality. Conclusion The results showed that elevated CEM levels can increase the risk of all-cause mortality in ACS patients.