Bilirubin is a kind of pigment formed from catabolism of compounds,such as hemoglobin,which had been considered to be harmful and used as an index for diagnosis of hepatobiliary diseases.Recently,the physiological functions of bilirubin has been renewed and the detection of bilirubin has been advanced.This paper reviews the methods of bilirubin examination and the relation between bilirubin content in blood and clinical diseases.

Microparticles in the peripheral blood are generated from the activated blood cells and vascular endothelial cells. Microparticles reflect the functional situations of their original cells directly and specifically,provide the basis for revelation of mechanisms and development trends of hematological or vascular diseases and also serve as the indications for differentiation diagnosis and evaluation of clinical treatment. Therefore it is very important to detect microparticles. This article will explain the present detection methods and the correlation of microparticles with diseases to provide basis and strategy for further study.

The history of automated blood cell analysis and current situation regarding the peripheral blood smear review following automated complete blood count(CBC) and leukocyte differential count(LDC) was introduced. Principles and procedure of determining criteria for blood smear review in clinical laboratory was elucidated in combination with 41 consensus rules for the review of automated CBC and LDC proposed by the International Consensus Group for blood smear review.

Neurogenesis refers to a biological process of neural stem cells self-proliferate and differentiate into new neurons, and are integrated into the neural networks, including the embryonic neurogenesis and adult neurogenesis. Studies have suggested that microRNAs (miRNAs) play vital regulatory roles in neurogenesis. This article reviews the molecular mechanisms of miRNAs in the regulation of embryonic and adult neurogenesis as well as the possible regulatory roles of miRNAs in the process of neurogenesis after cerebral ischemia.

Objective To investigate the epidemiology and antibiotic resistance of communityassociated and hospital-associated meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA and HA-MRSA) in Jingzhou.Methods A total of 159 MRSA isolates were successively collected from patients in Jingzhou Central Hospital during January 2012 and December 2013.The minimum inhibitory concentrations of 16 antimicrobial agents against 159 MRSA isolates were detected.SCCmec types of the strains were detected by multiplex PCR,and the homology of the strains was analyzed using pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and cluster analysis of antibiogram.WHONET 5.6 and SPSS 19.0 were used for data analysis.Results Among 159 MRSA strains,131 were hospital-associated,and 28 were community-associated,which accounted for 82.4％ and 17.6％,respectively.There were significant differences in the age of patients,ward distribution,specimen type,length of stay,length of anti-infection treatment,type of infection and underlying diseases between patients with CA-MRSA or HA-MRSA infections (x2 =19.103,31.372,59.756,71.703,54.153,59.756 and 54.232,all P ＜ 0.01).No vancomycin,linezolid,tigecyeline and nitrofurantoin resistant strains were found,but all strains were resistant to penicillin,cefoxitin and oxacillin.HA-MRSA had higher resistance rates to moxifloxacin,levofloxacin,rifampicin,ciprofloxacin and gentamicin than CA-MRSA (x2 =30.179,27.352,28.523,28.523 and 25.987,all P ＜ 0.01),but its resistance rates to erythromycin and clindamycin were lower (x2 =13.106 and 11.743,both P ＜ 0.01).Among 159 MRSA strains,12 (7.5％) were of SCCmec type Ⅱ,113 (71.1％) were of SCCmec type Ⅲ,26 (16.4％) were of SCCmec type Ⅳ,and 8 were of undifferentiated type.The predominant SCCmec types were type Ⅳ for CA-MRSA (26/28,92.9％) and type Ⅲ for HA-MRSA (113/131,86.3％),respectively.Six PFGE patters were found in 49 HA-MRSA isolates from ICU,and the predominant patters were A1 (24,49.0％),A2 (9,18.4％) and B (9,18.4％).Cluster analysis of antibiogram showed that three groups of HA-MRSA were of high correlations,and they were of PFGE patter A1,A2 and B,respectively.Conclusions HA-MRSA is the predominant MRSA in Jingzhou area,and it is different from CA-MRSA in the age of patients,ward distribution,type of infection and antibiotic resistance.Most HA-MRSA strains are of type SCCmec Ⅲ,and may cause epidemic outbreak in ICU.

Objective To investigate the molecular types and related clinical features of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Jingzhou area, Hubei Province.Methods A total of 80 MRSA strains confirmed by mecA gene were isolated from inpatients in Jingzhou Central Hospital of Hubei province during January and December 2014. Vitek 2 Compact was used for antibiotic susceptibility test . Staphylococcus protein A (SPA) types and Staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) genotypes were detected by multiplex polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ) and gene sequencing . Panton-valentine leucocidin ( pvl) gene of the strains was detected by PCR .Chi-square test and Wilcoxon test were used for data analysis .Results There were 16 spa types in 80 MRSA isolates , in which t030 and t437 were the most prevalent ones accounting for 50.0% ( 40 strains ) and 28.8% ( 23 strains ) of the total strains, respectively.There were 77 strains of SCCmec type Ⅰ-Ⅴ, in which SCCmecⅢ and SCCmecⅣ were the most prevalent ones accounting for 45.0% (36 strains) and 35.0% (28 strains), respectively.t030 was the main spa type in isolates of SCCmecⅢ(33/36, 91.7%), while t437 was the main spa type in isolates of SCCmecⅣ(20/28, 71.4%).Patients infected with t030/SCCmecⅢMRSAs were with higher ages than those infected with t437/SCCmecⅣMRSAs (T=446.500 and 607.500, P<0.01).Patients infected with t030/SCCmecⅢ MRSAs were mainly from surgical wards and intensive care unit ( ICU ) , while those infected with t437/SCCmecⅣ MRSAs were mainly from pediatrics wards , and there were significant differences in ward distribution between two groups (χ2 =33.724 and 29.768, P <0.01).Seventy percent and above strains of t030/SCCmec type Ⅲ were resistant to rifampin, erythromycin, clindamycin, tetracycline, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, ciprofloxacin and gentamicin .Strains of t437/SCCmec type Ⅳwere resistant to erythromycin , clindamycin and tetracycline , but were sensitive to most non-β-lactam antimicrobial drugs (with resistance rates <20%).Virulence gene pvl was found in 11 strains (13.8%), in which 7 were strains of t437-SCCmec typeⅣ.Conclusions MRSAs in Jinzhou are of various genotypes , in which t030-SCCmecⅢand t437-SCCmecⅣare the most prevalent ones .Strains of t030-SCCmec typeⅢare usually multiple-drug resistant , mainly seen in elderly patients in surgical wards and ICU .Strains of t437-SCCmecⅣare sensitive to most non-β-lactam antimicrobial drugs , and its infection is mainly seen in children and young people .

Objective To determine the relationship between blood biochemical indexes and severity of NAFLD by establishing various models of NAFLD with different degrees in rabbits. Methods Thirty-two healthy rabbits were randomly divided into normal control (n=8) and three experimental groups(n=24). Fatty liver animal models were established by giving high fat,high sugar diet. The serum TG,TC,AST,ALT and pathological evaluation were detected respectively after 4,6 and 8 weeks. Results The rabbits developed hyperlipidemia and slight fatty liver after four weeks. Along with the worsening of fat liver,the serum TG level kept rising.Conclusion The blood biochemical indexes can serve as a reliable technique for diagnosing fatty liver disease in clinical.

In order to investigate the chemical and morphornetrical properties of the neuronal precursor cells derived from thesubventricular zone(SVZ) of the postnatal rat forebrain in vitro. The cell-type specific antibodies were used for the immunocy-tochemical staining ,and the morphometric parameters which were the mean soma diameter and the ellipticity index (i. e. , thesmallest soma diameter divided by the largest soma diameter) of every SVZ-derived cell were measured for identifying the pheno-types of the SVZ cells in vitro. The experiment animals were SD rats (weights: 100～ 150 g), the SVZ cells derived from thepostnatal rats were cultured on poly-D-lysine-coated 24-well glass chamber slides in the Neurobasal Medium supplemented withB27 in 5% CO2 at 37 C. The following results were obtained.. At 1 day in vitro, almost all SVZ cells (〉90%) from the postna-tal rat forebrain expressed Tujl, an antibody that recognizes neuron-specific tubulin. Likewise, the preponderance of the SVZcells expressed the polysialylated neural cell adhesion molecule (PSA-N-CAM) ; The majority of the SVZ Tujl-positive cells cul-tured were the cells that had oval-shaped bodies with two short, unbranched processes protruded from every two poles, theirmean soma diameter were 8.42±1.03μm and their ellipticity index were 0.57±0.12. Meanwhile, there were approximately20% of the SVZ cells in culture that were sphere-shaped cells with mean soma diameter 7.20±l.04 μm , and it might be observed that these cells connected with one another. As the time in culture went on, these sphere-shaped SVZ-derived cells alsotransformed to oval-shaped ones as described above, but it could be observed that the cells were still connected in the processesof them. By 3 and 5 days in culture, the SVZ cells had larger cell somas (average diameter 9. 07±1.07 μm), and often consider-ably longer processes but still with few branches. Immunocytochemical staining revealed that the majority of the SVZ cells in cul-ture remained Tujl-positive, PSA-N-CAM-positive. By 7 days in culture, the Tujl-positive cells in culture showed remarkablemorphological changes, and possessed typical neuronal phenotypes, which had more larger cell somas (average diameter 12.8 ±1.13 μm), and had more longer, branched processes. Our results showed that the SVZ in the postnatal SD rats contained theneuronal precursor cells which were PSA-N-CAM-positive and could differentiate into new neurons in vitro.

Objective To observe the effect of curcumin combined with cisplatin on the proliferation of human tongue squamous cell carcinoma Tca?8113 cells,and explore the possible mechanism of their anti?tumor effect in vitro. Methods In this study,the samples were divided into four groups:curcumin,cisplatin,curcumin combined with cisplatin,and control. Detection of rate of inhibition of Tca?8113 cell proliferation was carried out by MTT assay. This was followed by observation of the morphological changes of the nuclei by Hoechst 33258 fluorescence staining. Subse?quently,cellular apoptosis was assayed by flow cytometry,and expression of Notch1 and epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR)was examined by Western blotting. Results Results of MTT assay showed that curcumin combined with cisplatin inhibited the proliferation of tongue squamous cell carcinoma to a greater extent than either curcumin or cisplatin alone(P<0.05). Flow cytometry analysis indicated that,unlike curcumin or cisplatin alone,curcumin combined with cisplatin noticeably induced apoptosis(P<0.05). Results of Western blotting revealed that the expres?sion of Notch1 was upregulated,whereas the expression of EGFR was downregulated to a greater extent in the control group than in cells treated with curcumin or cisplatin alone. Unlike curcumin and cisplatin groups,the combined group revealed statistically significant expressions of Notch1 and EGFR(P<0.05). Conclusion Curcumin and cisplatin have a combined effect on inhibition of proliferation of human tongue squamous cell carcinoma Tca?8113 cells. The mechanism may be related to upregulation of the Notch1 signaling pathway and downregulation of the EGFR signal?ing pathway.

Objective To evaluate the therapeutic effect of Pingyangmycin lipiodol emulsion (PLE) embolization for cavernous hemangioma of liver (CHL). Methods Seldinger technique was adopted and the catheter was super-selectively sent into the supplying artery of tumors in 18 CHL patients, 5-10 ml of Lidocaine and 5-20 ml of PLE were slowly injected. Before the embolization, 50-100 mg of pethidine was routinely injected. The embolization was conducted in several times in patients with large tumors, with multiple supplying arteries, and whose age was above 60 years. During the 3-48 months'follow-up after the operation,the change of the tumor diameter before and after the embolization was compared by using CT and ultrasound. The clinical symptomatic relief and the complications were also observed. Results The CHL of all the 18 cases were filled up by PLE. The foci were completely vanished in 9 cases, reduced by over 50% in 7 cases,and reduced by 25%-50% in 2 cases,respectively. The follow-up angiographic examination was performed in six cases, the tumor staining was completely vanished and the tumor-supplying artery was closed up. The improving rate of the clinical symtoms reached 89% . There were no serious complications. Conclusion The PLE embolization in hepatic cavernous hemangioma proves to be reliable, safe, minimally invasive, and with little side effect. This therapy, therefore, can be the first method of choice in treating the cavernous hemangioma of the liver.