Reference materials containing mixed degradation products of amoxicillin and ampicillin were developed after optimization of preparation processes. The target impurities were obtained by controlled stress testing, and each major component was identified with HPLC-MS and compared with single traceable reference standard each. The developed reference materials were applied to system suitability test for verifying HPLC system performed in accordance with set forth in China Pharmacopeia and identification of major impurities in samples based on retention and spectra information, which have advantages over the methods put forth in foreign pharmacopoeias. The development and application of the reference materials offer an effective way for rapid identification of impurities in chromatograms, and provide references for analyzing source of impurities and evaluation of drug quality.
Amoxicillin ; chemistry ; Ampicillin ; chemistry ; China ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Drug Contamination ; Mass Spectrometry ; Reference Standards

Behavior Therapy ; Coronary Disease ; prevention & control ; Humans ; Smoking Cessation

Asthma ; diagnosis ; therapy ; China ; Humans ; Practice Guidelines as Topic ; standards

Airway Remodeling ; Asthma ; pathology ; physiopathology ; Child ; Humans

Objective To investigate the treatment of noninvasive ventilator in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease merge chronic type Ⅱ respiratory failure and to analysis its clinical efficacy and safety.Methods According to the random number table,115 cases were randomly divided into two groups,the observation group (n =59)and the control group(n =56).The control group received conventional symptomatic treatment,while the observation group therapy was combined with non -invasive ventilation in the basis of the control group.The changes of HR,RR, PaCO2 ,PaO2 ,Forced expiratory volume in one second 1 (FEV1 ),Forced expiratory volume in one second 1 (Forced expiratory volume in one second 1,FEV1 /FVC)were compared between the two groups before and after treatment 48h.Results Before treatment,there were no significant differences in HR,PaCO2 ,RR,FEV1 ,PaO2 ,FEV1 /FVC (P >0.05).After the treatment,in the control group,HR,RR,PaCO2 ,PaO2 ,FEV1 and FEV1 /FVC were respectively (90.16 ±4.15)beats/min,(23.17 ±1.63)beats/min,(59.68 ±5.85)mmHg,(69.16 ±5.26)mmHg,(2.65 ± 0.25)L and(65.47 ±1.97)%.In the observation group,HR,RR,PaCO2 ,PaO2 ,FEV1 and FEV1 /FVC were respectively (82.93 ±3.76)beats/min,(19.02 ±1.57)beats/min,(50.82 ±6.53)mmHg,(78.06 ±5.48)mmHg,(2.96 ± 0.31)L and (72.38 ±2.15)%.The difference was statistically significant(t =9.800,13.907,7.649,8.877,5.917, 17.942,all P <0.05).No adverse reactions occurred during the treatment.Conclusion The clinical efficacy of non-invasive ventilator in the treatment of COPD associated with chronic type Ⅱ respiratory failure is significant,safe and reliable,which has important research value,and is worthy of further application.

Objective To understand the effects of "total quantity control" indexes on community health services and the residents' use of them so as to provide scientific basis for furthering reform in the medical insurance system.Methods A survey was made on the operation of the 3 community health centers of Jiangbin Xincun,Huashanwan and Hejianong in Jingkou District of Zhenjiang by means of direct inquiry and literature review.Results The average annual quantity of medical insurance plans allocated to the centers in the last 4 years involved 810 thousand yuan,the quantity actually fulfilled involved(953.5) thousand yuan,and the estimated annual quantity the centers were capable of fulfilling was valued at(1.45) million yuan,nearly 500 thousand yuan more than the quantity actually fulfilled. Conclusion Total quantity control on community health centers not only hinders the healthy development of community health services and the enthusiasm of the medical workers but also adversely affects the residents'use of health services and their health maintenance.

Objective To investigate the effects of FKBP12.6 gene transfection on the contractility of ventricular myocytes of rats with heart failure.Methods Rat model of heart failure was established by a surgical operation of abdominal aortic stenosis.The enzymatic hydrolysis was employed to isolate the rats' ventricular myocytes.Mediated by adenovirus the FKBP12.6 gene was transfected into ventricular myocytes.Ad-GFP infected cardiac myocytes from heart failure rats and normal rats were used as control.Western blotting and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR) were used to detect the specific overexpression of FKBP12.6.Transfected ventricular myocytes were loaded with the membrane-permeant Ca2+ dye X-rhod-1-AM.Under the condition of field stimulation,the laser confocal microscope in line-scan and plane-scan mode was used to detect the Ca2+ transients and myocytes contraction.Results The mRNA and protein levels of FKBP12.6 in the myocytes of rats with heart failure were significantly lower than that in normal myocytes(0.47?0.08 vs 0.96?0.12,0.25?0.04 vs 0.48?0.07,P

Recently,a large family of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) has been identified as mas-related genes (Mrgs),Which are specific expressed in small diameter sensory neurons in the trigeminal and dorsal root ganglia,suggesting a role in pain transmission.Mrgs receptors have been shown to modulate some physiological and pathological activities,such as pain and immunity.It is important to discover ligands of Mrgs for understanding and elucidating their potential physiological and pathophysiological roles.The studies on pharmacological spectrum of NPS make it an interesting target for pharmaceutical development.

Objective To investigate the clinical efficacy of multidisciplinary integrated treatment and management model in the medical management of elderly patients.Methods 226 elderly patients treated in our hospital from October 2014 to December 2015 were randomly divided into observation group and control group,113 cases in each group.Patients in the control group were treated with traditional medical management model,while patients in the observation group were treated with multidisciplinary integrated treatment and management model.The therapeutic effect,hospital stay,incidence of complications,treatment satisfaction,MMSE score,FCA score and Tinetti score between the two groups were compared.Results The total effective rate (95.58%) in the observation group was significantly higher than that in the control group (79.65%) (χ2=13.21,P=0.000).The mortality rate in the observation group (1.77%) was significantly lower than 7.96% in the control group (χ2=4.68,P=0.004).The satisfaction rate of the observation group (92.04%) was significantly higher than 77.88% of the control group (χ2=8.86,P=0.003).The MMSE score[(25.17±4.43)points],FCA score[(77.35±8.35)points]and Tinetti score[(26.45±4.25)points]of the observation group were significantly higher than those in the control group[(20.13±3.07) points,(65.32±8.88) points and (21.03±3.30) points,t=-2.93,-3.11,-3.18;P=0.025,0.014,0.006].Conclusion Multidisciplinary integrated treatment management model can significantly increase the therapeutic effect,shorter hospital stay,reduce the incidence of complications,improve patients' satisfaction,and improve the quality of life,so it is a new type of efficient and rational therapeutic management model and worthy of clinical promoting.