Objective To investigate the vicissitude of infection pathogens and their change in resistance to antibiotics in our hospital in the past 10 years, and to offer scientific information for clinical anti-infection treatment. Methods The data of pathogens identified and susceptibility test with VITEK system as well as K-B methods from 1995 to 2002 were analyzed. Results Gram negative bacteria was the predominance bacteria in recent 5 years, accounting for 60.7%-70.2% of all pathogens, with Pseudomonas aeruginosa ranked first, followed by Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Serratia sp, Enterobacter sp and Acinetobacter sp. The ratio of Acinetobacter sp seemed to be increased in 1998, and it kept a high level in recent years. The isolation rate of Staphylococcus aureus from clinical specimens was the highest among pathogens since 1999, and 42.9%-74.5% of them were Methicillin-resistance S. aureus (MRSA). MRSA was found to be highly resistant to many antibiotics, and there was a tendency of increasing resistance to all kinds of antibiotics in Ps. aeruginosa and Acinetobacter species. Conclusion The significant changes in infectious pathogens in our hospital were an increase in S. aureus and decrease in E.coli in constituent ratios, as well as an elevation of drug resistance level of predominate bacteria. The results suggest that corresponding adjustment should be made in the strategy of infection treatment.

Objective To study the mechanism of resistance to antibiotics and disinfectants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from clinical specimens in a hospital, and to provide a reference for the use of aminoglycoside antibiotics for the treatment of P. aeruginosa infection as well as disinfection and sterilization. Methods 35 strains of multi-resistant P. aeruginosa were screened from clinical specimens by susceptibility test of agar dilution. Five kinds of aminoglycoside modifying enzyme gene and qzcE?1 gene were detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. Results The positive rates of aminoglycoside modifying enzyme genes, including aac(3)-Ⅱ, aac(6′)-Ⅰ, aac(6′)-Ⅱ, ant(3″)-Ⅰ and ant(2″)-Ⅰ, were 48.6%, 40%, 54.3%, 45.7% and 60%, respectively, and nearly all strains were positive for 2 or more than 2 kinds of above aminoglycoside modifying enzyme gene. The positive rate of qzcE?1 gene was 94.3%. Conclusions There was a close relationship between aminoglycoside modifying enzyme producing P. aeruginosa and its multi-resistance to antibiotics, The results suugested that aminoglycosides should be used cautiously, and it should be based on the result of susceptibility test in the treatment of P. aeruginosa infection, and it was inadvisable to use quaternary ammonium and biguanides disinfectant in disinfection and sterilization.

Objective To observe the effect of injecting Xuebijing via different routes, as either treatment or pretreatment, on changes in intestinal mucosal morphology in a rat model of sepsis. Method Ninety-one healthy Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into five groups: 1) control group ( n = 7) , 2) sepsis group ( n = 21) , 3) intragastric pretreatment group ( n = 21) , 4) intravenous pretreatment group (n = 21) , and 5) intravenous treatment group (n = 21) . Except for the control group, the other groups were further divided into three sub-groups for assessment at 3, 6 and 12 h post-operation ( n = 7 per group) . Sepsis was induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) . For the intragastric pretreatment group, Xuebijing injection (5 mL/kg) was administered via intragastric injection 2 hours before CLP. For the intravenous pretreatment group, Xuebijing injection (5 mL/kg)was administered via the caudal vein 2 hours before CLP. For the intravenous treatment group, Xuebijing injection (5 mL/kg) was intravenously infused 2 hours after CLP. The control group received no treatment. The ileum was removed from all rats for measurement. The rats were sacrificed at 3, 6 or 12 h after operation to obtain the ileum.Intestinal mucosal damage index and morphological changes in the intestinal mucosa were detected by light microscopy and electron microscopy. Analysis of variance was used to compare the groups. P -values < 0.05 were considered to indicate statistically significant differences. Results Intestinal mucosal damage was significantly reduced in and the three treatment groups compared with the untreated sepsis group (3h, F =53.35; 6h, F =74.93; 12 h, F - 171.27; P =0.000). Intestinal damage was significantly reduced in the intravenous pretreatment group compared with the intragastric pretreatment group (3 h, F = 53.35,P =0.036; 6 h, F = 74.93,P =0.039; 12 h, F = 171.27, P =0.042). Conclusions Irrespective of the route, the administration of Xuebijing protected against intestinal mucosal damage and intravenous pretreatment exerted the most effective protection against intestinal mucosal damage in this rat model of sepsis.

Chronic hepatitis B(CHB)is one of the most commom cause of liver fibrosis. Accurate assessment of liver fibrosis is essential for the strategy of treatment and judgement of prognosis . Liver biopsy is the gold standard for staging fibrosis,but it is invasive with high cost,low reproducibility and poor acceptance by patients. Therefore,it is urgent to explore a noninvasive modality for the assessment of liver fibrosis. Recent evidence highlights that elastographic techniques, biochemical markers and the diagnostic model consisted of several serum markers have the potential for the diagnosis of liver fibrosis. This article reviewed the progress in noninvasive assessment of liver fibrosis in patients with CHB.

Objective To establish the oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD)/reoxygenation experimental model of hippocatnpal neurons of rat in vitro, and to try to identify the length of time for producing optimum injury in this model. Method The primary hippocampal neurons of newborn Sprague-Dawley rats were cultured for 7 days and randomly (random number) divided into a control group and OGD groups. The OGD groups were assigned into 1 h, 2 h, 4 h, 6h, 8 h and 10 h subgroups in accordance with different lengths of time for oxygen glucose deprivation. The neurons of OGD groups were placed into a tri-gas incubator containing 0.5% oxygen and the culture medium was substituted with the glucose-free Earle' s balanced salt solution, simulating cerebral ischemia injury in vivo. The morphology of neurons was observed after reoxygenation for 24 hours. The MIT assay was used to determine the rate of survived cells derived from the value of optical density (OD) of cells. The lactate dehydro-genase (LDH) content in culture medium was detected to evaluate the neuron injury. The apoptotic rate of neurons was measured by using flow cytometry. Dunnett-test and Spearman correlation analysis were used to analyze the data with SPSS version 16.0 soft ware package. Results The morphological damage of neurons in OGD groups aggravated gradually, optical density and cell survival rate decreased (rs= -0.961 and rs = -0.966, P <0.01), and the amount of LDH increased (rs = 0.990, P <0.01) with longer duration of exposure to oxygen glucose deprivation, and the rate of neuron apoptosis increased obviously which was significantly statistical difference in com-parison with the control group (P < 0.05). Under the setting of oxygen glucose deprivation for 6 hours, the apop-tosis rate of neurons approximated to 50% . Conclusions The oxygen glucose deprivation/reoxygenation model of rat's hippocampal neurons in vitro was established successfully. From the findings of morphological changes and apoptosis rate of neurons, the oxygen glucose deprivation for 6 hours may be the suitable length of time for inducing neuron injury in this model.

Antipsychotic Agents ; poisoning ; Clozapine ; blood ; poisoning ; Exchange Transfusion, Whole Blood ; methods ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Male ; Treatment Outcome

Objective To study the establishment of rat model of asphyxia-cardiac arrest and efficacy of CPR in order to find the length of optimum time of asphyxia to cause injury.Methods One hundred and twenty-six male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly (random number) divided into sham operation group and experimental groups.Cardiac arrest was induced by asphyxiation after intravenous injection of vecuronium bromide.The experimental groups were assigned into AP4 (four-minute asphyxia period),AP6 and AP8 subgroups in accordance with different lengths of time of asphyxia subjected to.In these groups,CPR,including pre-cordial compression and synchronized mechanical ventilation,was initiated 4,6 and 8 min after asphyxia-induced cardiac arrest,respectively.The successful ratio of resuscitation and hemodynamic variables were recorded.Brain water content,neural deficit scores (NDS),imaging changes on MR,pathological changes of brain tissue and neuronal apoptosis were evaluated at 1 d,3 d and 7 days after ROSC.All the data were analyzed by single-factor analysis of variance or Chi-square test.P ＜ 0.05 was considered statistically significant.Result The lowest NDS occurred at 1 d after ROSC,brain water content and imaging changes on MR were most obvious at 3 d after ROSC,while pathological changes of brain tissue and neuronal apoptosis increased and reached the peak at 7d after ROSC.The survival rates after 24 hours of AP4,AP6 and AP8 groups were 85％,75％ and 45％,respectively.The rate of ROSC and survival rate of AP8 group were significantly lower than those of other groups (P ＜0.01).The longer time of asphyxia the severer pathological changes of brain tissue,brain edema,neural deficit,and magnetic resonance imaging changes in all experimental groups.As compared to other groups,the brain damage index of AP8 group was most serious,while that of AP6 group was moderate.Conclusions The rat model following asphyxia-induced cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation was established successfully.From the evidence of survival rate and damage grade of brain tissue,asphyxia for 6 min may be the rational length of ischemic time in this model.

Objective To investigate the effect of Ulinastatin on the delivery of cytokines in patients with septic shock.Methods It was a prospective and controlled clinical study.Seventy-eight patients with septic shock were randomly divided into control group and treatment group and thirty-nine in every group.Patients in treatment group received Ulinastatin 200 000 units intravenous everyday for 3 days,while those in control group received equal volume of normal saline as placebo.At different time points (at 24 th,48 th,72 th hour after start of treatment),the levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-?),interleukin-1 (IL-1),interleukin-6 (IL-6 ),interleukin-8 (IL-8) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in serum were assayed.Results In comparison with control group,the levels of TNF-?,IL-1,IL-6,IL- 8 of treatment group decreased markedly (P＜0.05,P＜0.01) at different time points,whereas the level of SOD was higher markedly (P＜0.05,P＜0.01) at various time points.Conclusion Ulinastatin has protective effect on patients with septic shock through decreasing the levels of TNF-?,IL-1,IL-6,IL-8 and increasing in the level of SOD.

OBJECTIVETo explore methods and clinical effects of composite external fixtor in treating adult patients with unstable middle 1/3 of clavicular fractures.

METHODSFrom March 2008 to March 2011,36 patients with unstable middle 1/3 of clavicular fractures were treated with composite external fixtor. There were 24 males and 12 females, aged from 18 to 55 years old with an average of 43 years old. Twenty cases on the left side and 16 cases on the right side. Time from injury to operation was 2 to 6 days (averaged 3.5 days). According to Robinson classification, there were 7 cases with type 2A2, 18 cases with type 2B1, and 11 cases with type 2B2. No vessels and nerve damage occurred before opreation. The clinical effects were evaluated according to Neer scoring.

RESULTSAll cases were followed up from 6 to 12 months with an average of 8 months. The mean Neer score was 88.3 +/- 6.2, which included pain 31.6 +/- 3.2, functional score 25.7 +/- 2.2, range of motion score 21.1 +/- 1.7, and anatomy score 8.8 +/- 0.8. There were 22 cases in excellent, good in 13, fair in 1. Two cases occurred pin tract infection.

CONCLUSIONComposite external fixtor is an optional method in treating unstable middle 1/3 of clavicular fracture, and can obtain a good clinical effects.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Bone Nails ; Clavicle ; injuries ; surgery ; External Fixators ; Female ; Fracture Fixation ; Fractures, Bone ; surgery ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Young Adult

Objective In order to discuss the contribution and significance of lowering increased serum uric acid levels in cardio-vascular disease prevention and control .Methods All 100 hyperuricemia in senile patients with hypertension and diabetes mellitus were received the standard drug treatments for bloodpressure ,blood sugar management .According to the patients′will divided them into uric acid intervention group(study group) and control group .The study group were given low purine diet and benzbromarone tablet (50 mg/day ,course of 1 year) ,then compare the changes between the 2 group and within each group after 3months ,6months and 1 years in the metabolism indexes before and after intervention (serum uric acid ,glycosylated hemoglobin ,fasting blood glu-cose ,2-hours postprandial glucose ,and the changes of dynamic blood pressure ) ,and follow-up the occurrence of cases in primary end point events (all-cause death ,total cardiovascular death) .Results (1)In study group ,3months ,6months and 1 years after in-tervention ,the serum uric acid lever was significantly lower than that before intervention and the control group ,P<0 .01 .(2)The study group patients′dynamic blood pressure was significantly lower than that before intervention and the control group after 6 ,12 months ,meanwhile the study group patients′success rate of dynamic blood pressure level is higher than themselves before the in-tervention after 6 ,12 months ,P<0 .05 .(3)The 2 groups of patients′glycosylated hemoglobin ,fasting plasma glucose ,2-hours post-prandial glucose ,control rate of blood glucose at each testing point before and after the intervention had no difference .(4)The oc-currence of cases between the 2 groups for all-cause death and total cardiovascular death had no difference .Conclusion (1)Reduc-ing the mortality and disability rate of hyperuricemia in elderly patients with hypertension and diabetes mellitus ,the most critical measures is still a reasonable standard blood pressure and blood sugar management .Based on this therapy ,effectively reducing the increased serum level of uric acid can improve the control rate of blood pressure .