*Abnormalities, Drug-Induced ; *Abruptio Placentae ; *Anesthesia, Obstetrical ; *Blood Coagulation Disorders ; *Delivery, Obstetric ; *Embolism, Amniotic Fluid ; *Fetal Death ; *Maternal-Fetal Exchange ; *Obstetrics ; *Postpartum Period ; *Pre-Eclampsia ; *Prenatal Care ; *Thrombophlebitis ; *Urinary Tract Infections ; *Infant, Newborn ; *Pregnancy

Background Enamel hypoplasia occurs due to inherent and non-inherent factors. Researchers noted occurrence of non-inherent based enamel hypoplasia happens due to malnutrition of children or foreign infl uence to teeth while they are on their formation stage (Groshikov 1985). According to studies of N.A. Belova, a researcher, in 1976, an examination conducted on 200 children between the ages of 2.5-3 in Moscow area and resulted 20.5% of the children were affected with EH. Results from Asian countries such as in Beijing, China the prevalence rate was 22.5% (Lee et all, 1995) among 1344 children who were 8-15 years of age and had premature weight at birth, and in Deli, India 30% (Agarwal K.N et aii, 1999-2001) among 280 children who were 0-1 year of age and had substitute provision. Prevalence rate was 32.7% in Iranian cities of Yazd and Hadi among 1223 elementary school children (A.R.Daneshkazemi, DDS, MS; A. Davari, DDS, MS). Inherent based EH or Amelogenesis Imperfecta is an abnormal development of enamel. It is formed due to genetic mutation (Aldred, 2003). Prevalence of inherent EH differs from countries to countries and the variation was 1:718-1:14000 (Seow, 1993). Its genetic inheritance pattern can be autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive or XLinked (Shafer, 1987, Seow, 1993). The basis for this study work on risk factors of EH was due to lack of similar studies among the youth of our county. Objective The aim of the research work was to study the pathogenesis and etiology of enamel hypoplasia, Methodology We have conducted clinical examination up among 296 (12-year-old) children, and surveyed with a specially designed questionnaire those who are affected with enamel hypoplasia followed illustrations of their genetic chart. Result Of those who were involved in the research, 11.8% were affected with EH, and 10.4% had non-genetic infl uence factors, 1.01% had genetic infl uence factors and 0.34% had genetic syndrome. Statistical analysis was conducted to determine non-genetic infl uence factors among 62 children were free of EH (DMFT 1.70.14) and 31 children who had genetically infl uenced EH. While, 71% of the children who had EH had normal birth weight and 29% had miniature weight, 87% of the healthy children had normal birth weight and 13% had miniature birth weight (OR = 2.761 [CI 95percentage 0.944-8.08]).While 58% of the children with EH were breastfed, 16% had mixed milk, 8% had substitute milk only, 87% of the healthy children were breastfed, 8% had mixed milk, and 5% had substitute milk only(OR=5.0 [CI 95% 1.085-23.034]). Where as 31% of the healthy children had vitamin D defi ciency, 46% percent had digestion problems, 8% had some type of infectious disease, and 58% had respiratory infection while they were 0-1 year old, 25% of the children with EH had vitamin D defi ciency, 25% had digestion problems, 13% had some type infectious disease, and 58% had respiratory infection while they were 0-1 year old. Looking at the result digestion illness raises (OR = 5.895 [CI 95percentage 1.944-17.879]) the risk of having EH than any other infectious diseases (OR=1.356 [CI 95percentage 0.215-8.571]). 19% of the mother of the 31 children who had EH had early pregnancy sickness, 26% had late pregnancy sickness. However, 10% of the healthy 62 children had early, and 16% had late pregnancy sickness (OR=2.761 [CI 95percentage 0.944-8.08]). While 74% of the mothers of the children with EH were delivered on time and 26% premature delivery, 86% of the mothers of the healthy children were delivered on time and 11% had premature delivery(OR=2.733; CI95% 0.887-8.419). Genetic factor infl uence is due to X linked dominant chromosome on two occurrences, and one occurrence is due to Y chromosome. One occurrence of genetic syndrome has been diagnosed as Acrofacial syndrome Nagera. Conclusion. Late pregnancy sickness among other had the highest probability of causing EH. Premature delivery, miniature weight had the highest probability of causing EH. Babies breastfed mixed milk for age 0-1 had the highest probability of causing EH among other illnesses that causes EH. Digestion illness had the highest probability of causing EH among other illnesses that causes EH. Infectious diseases had relevant risk factor. Genetic factor infl uence on EH is due to X linked dominant chromosome, and Y chromosome. One sign of genetic syndrome has been detected as due to Acrofacial syndrome Nagera.

Introduction: While the prevalence of malnutrition in the free living elderly population is relatively low, the risk of malnutrition increases dramatically in the hospitalized elderly. Patients who are malnourished when admitted to the hospital tend to have longer hospital stays, experience more complications, and have greater risk of morbidity and mortality than those whose nutritional state is normal. Goal: To assess the nutritional status among hospitalized elderly in Secondary healthcare systems by the MNA screening tool. Materials and Methods: To the study were enrolled 411 hospitalized elderly patients in secondary healthcare systems. The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of the HSUM, and written informed consent was obtained from all study participants. We assessed the participants’ nutritional status by the MNA (Mini nutritional assessment) tool and divided into three groups: malnourished, risk of malnutrition and normal nutritional status. We compared the relationship between nutritional status and some biochemical indicates such as total protein, albumin, cholesterol and blood glucose levels. The ANOVA and Pearson correlation tests were used for statistical analysis. Results: 146 (36.01%) elders were well nourished among our study participants. Serum albumin was significantly low in malnourished elders. Conclusion: Among the assessed elderly 36.01% had adequate nutritional status; 43.79% were at a risk of malnutrition and 20.19% were malnourished. Serum albumin was significantly low in malnourished elders.

Introduction: With advancing age, the risk of developing nutritional deficiencies increases. Malnutrition can lead to functional dependency, increases morbidity, mortality, and greater use of health care resources. Goal: The goal of our study was to assess the nutritional risk among recently hospitalized elderly in Secondary healthcare systems by the NSI screening tool and assess indicators of anthropometry assessment in nutritionally different groups. Materials and Methods: To the study were enrolled 411 hospitalized elderly patients in secondary healthcare systems. The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of the HSUM, and written informed consent was obtained from all study participants. The nutritional status was classified by the NSI (Nutrition Screening Initiative) into: high risk of malnutrition, moderate risk of malnutrition and without malnutrition (adequate). Results: Among the assessed elderly, 8.03% had adequate nutritional status; 32.85% were at a risk of malnutrition and 59.12% were at a moderate risk of malnutrition. Some anthropometric variables such as weight, abdominal circumference, calf and mid-arm circumference assessed were significantly more deteriorated among the malnourished individuals. Among the NSI variables tooth loss/ mouth pain (21.6%), eating few fruits or vegetables or milk products (14.3%), chronic illness (13.8%), multiple medicines (13.4%) or economic hardship (11.3%) were found as the risk of malnourished elderly. Conclusion: There is an interrelationship between the nutritional status of the elderly and some anthropometric variables.

Presence of air in the kidney can be problematic as the location of the air in different parts of the kidney greatly affects the subsequent management and outcome of the patient. We present here a case of a patient who had emphysematous pyelitis, in which CT scan was able to display presence of air only in the collecting system, thus differentiating this condition from the more fulminant emphysematous pyelonephritis. This leads to a more favourable prognosis and outcome to the patient.

Cardiovascular malformations are the most common type of birth defect and result in significant mortality worldwide. The etiology for the majority of these anomalies remains unknown but genetic factors are being recognized as playing an increasingly important role. Advances in our molecular understanding of normal heart development have led to the identification of numerous genes necessary for cardiac morphogenesis. This work has aided the discovery of an increasing number of monogenic causes of human cardiovascular malformations. More recently, studies have identified single nucleotide polymorphisms and submicroscopic copy number abnormalities as having a role in the pathogenesis of congenital heart disease. This review discusses these discoveries and summarizes our increasing understanding of the genetic basis of congenital heart disease. Over the past couple of decades, there has been a greater understanding of the molecular pathways regulating cardiac development. The development of gene targeting technology has led to the generation of a multitude of mouse models with cardiac developmental defects. These studies have led to the identification of numerous transcriptional regulators, signaling molecules and structural genes that are critical for normal cardiac morphogenesis. In addition, multiple genes have been identified that are controlled by these highly conserved molecular pathways.These investigations into the molecular mechanisms of cardiac development have assisted in the identification of genetic etiologies of CHD and provide evidence that many genes may have etiologic roles in human CHD.

In children, most cases of optic neuritis are immune-related. Less frequently, it may also be due to demyelinating disorders. Other secondary causes such as infection of adjacent structures or infiltration are even rarer. The occurrence of optic neuritis in children on chemotherapy also has not being extensively reported. We report a case of bilateral optic neuritis in a young girl with subacute visual loss after receiving systemic chemotherapy for embryonal ovarian carcinoma.

Introduction: Perennial plant 15-60 cm high with slim creeper strong roots1-4. Dianthus superbus usually grows in a larch and Siberian Pine forest, in its meadow, edge and glade, bank of the river and thick bushes forests covering Khuvsgul, Khentii, mountainous and fertile pastures, Mountain range, Khovd and Mongol Altaic Mountain range1,2,4. The study of biological activity and bioactive compounds of plants, used in Mongolian and Tibetan traditional medicine such as Dianthus superbus and further enrichment of Mongolia’s drug foundation by natural drugs which have low toxic and toxicity effects, are one of the important goals of scientist. Upper part of the land is used for liver blood fever, blood pneumonia, menopause, kidney diseases, cystitis, nephritis and edema Mongolian traditional medical treatment and uterus muscle tightening action3,4.Goal: The aim is to study the phytochemical properties of Dianthus superbus upper part of the land.Materials and Methods: We performed the research taking material assistance of pharmacognozy laboratories in Monos university from 2012-2013. The quantitative and qualitative analyses of plant bioactive compounds were evaluated by Russian XI Pharmacopeia and the method according to Mongolian National Standard5. Result of the study was developed by SPSS 16 and End notе programme.Result: The quantitative and qualitative analyses of plant bioactive compounds of Dianthus superbus upper part of the land were evaluated by Russian XI Pharmacopeia and the method according to Mongolian National Standard and tannin, coumarin, flavonoid and naturally active substances were found.Conclution: It was carried out phytochemical investigation of the Dianthus superbus using spectrophotometer as a result we determined that if contains 10.5 % of sum flavonoid, 7.45 % coumarin. Amount of biological active compound-tannins was4.24 %.

Four hundred and nineteen articles related to breast cancer were found in a search through a database dedicated to indexing all original data relevant to medicine published in Malaysia between the years 2000-2013. One hundred and fifty four articles were selected and reviewed on the basis of clinical relevance and future research implications. Overall, Malaysian women have poor survival from breast cancer and it is estimated that half of the deaths due to breast cancer could be prevented. Five-year survival in Malaysia was low and varies among different institutions even within the same disease stage, suggesting an inequity of access to optimal treatment or a lack of compliance to optimal treatment. Malaysian women have poor knowledge of the risk factors, symptoms and methods for early detection of breast cancer, leading to late presentation. Moreover, Malaysian women experience cancer fatalism, belief in alternative medicine, and lack of autonomy in decision making resulting in delays in seeking or avoidance of evidence-based medicine. There are ethnic differences in estrogen receptor status, HER2 overexpression and incidence of triple negative breast cancer which warrant further investigation. Malay women present with larger tumours and at later stages, and even after adjustment for these and other prognostic factors (stage, pathology and treatment), Malay women have a poorer survival. Although the factors responsible for these ethnic differences have not been elucidated, it is thought that pharmacogenomics, lifestyle factors (such as weight-gain, diet and exercise), and psychosocial factors (such as acceptance of 2nd or 3rd line chemotherapy) may be responsible for the difference in survival. Notably, survivorship studies show self-management programmes and exercise improve quality of life, highlighting the need to evaluate the psychosocial impact of breast cancer on Malaysian women, and to design culturally-, religiously- and linguistically-appropriate psycho-education programmes to help women cope with the disease and improve their quality of life. Research done in the Caucasian populations may not necessarily apply to local settings and it is important to embark on local studies particularly prevention, screening, diagnostic, prognostic, therapeutic and psychosocial research. KEY WORDS: breast cancer; Malaysia; review; genetics; screening; diagnosis; prognosis; treatment; outcome