In the present study, a perfluorochemical emulsion (Fluosol-DA 20%) did not alter Do and and Dq values on cell survival curve, indicating that the lack of a direct effect of Fluosol-DA 20% on cellular radiosensitivity in vitro. The effect of Fluosol-DA 20% injection in combination with carbogen breathing was determined on the hupoxic cell fraction in SCK tumors. The hypoxic cell fraction in control SCK tumors was 0.39. This value decreased to 0.05 when the mice were i.v. injected with 12 ml/kg of Fluosol-DA 20% in a carbogen atomosphere. The measured mean and median PO2 values with a microelectorde in the control tumors was 9 mmHg and 4 mmHg, respectively. The treatment of the SCK tumors in the host mice with injected Fluosol-DA 20% in combination with carbogen breathing increased the mean and median PO2 values to 67 mmHg and 62 mmHg, respectively. Using carbogen breathing alone caused a moderate increase of tumor PO2. But Fluosol-DA 20% injection alone caused little change PO2 in the tumor. It was concluded that the combination of Fluosol-DA injection and carbogen breathing is an effective means to improve oxygenation of tumors.
Animals ; Cell Survival ; Mice ; Oxygen* ; Radiation Tolerance ; Respiration

Ferroptosis is a novel form of regulated cell death which is dependent on iron and reactive oxygen species (ROS) and associated with the accumulation of lipid peroxides. It is obviously different from other cell death types in terms of morphology, biochemistry, genetics, etc. Also, it is related to the production of iron catalyzed lipid peroxides which is triggered by non-enzymatic or enzymatic reactions. Ferroptosis has been proved to be involved in hematological diseases, cardio-cerebrovascular diseases, liver and kidney diseases. This paper will review the definition, mechanism, inducers of ferroptosis, as well as the function of ferroptosis in respiratory system. We expect to present a new concept for respiratory research and suggest potential targets for clinical prevention and treatment of respiratory diseases.
Cell Death ; Ferroptosis ; Humans ; Iron ; Reactive Oxygen Species ; Respiration Disorders

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of 3 leading causes of deaths in the Surgery Department of Port Moresby General Hospital in the last 30 years despite being responsible for only 5% of admissions. It maims and kills the young. Most of these injuries and deaths can be prevented by addressing public health issues such as modifying people's lifestyles to avoid drink driving, wearing seat belts in vehicles and peaceful conflict resolution. Severe disabilities can be minimized by prompt and adequate management that prevents secondary brain injury. This is achieved by aggressive maintenance of normal cerebral oxygenation and blood pressure (BP) and optimization of intracranial pressure (ICP). These outcomes are achieved by ensuring that the airways are patent, with respiration assisted where necessary, and by the use of fluids or inotropes to maintain a normal BP. Prompt appreciation of mass lesions and their removal will optimize ICP, improve cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) and oxygenation. Management of severe TBI involves appropriate use of ventilation and pharmacological agents to ensure ICP and CPP are optimized either in situations where surgery is not indicated or after decompressive surgery. The high morbidity and mortality posed by TBI can be reduced by addressing these issues in Papua New Guinea.
seconds ; Cell Respiration ; Surgical aspects ; Papua New Guinea ; Physical trauma

Congenital epulis is a rare benign tumor occurring on the anterior maxillary gingiva, also known as granular cell tumor of the newborn or Neumann's tumor, which is seen only in the newborn and is different from other granular cell tumors. Congenital epulis occurs exclusively in female newborns eight to ten fold higher than in males. It can protrude out of the newborn's mouth to prevent normal closure of mouth and interfere with respiration or feeding. The treatment of choice for large symptomatic epulis is simple surgical resection. Wide surgical excision is not required, because no recurrences have been reported. This report describes a case of congenital epulis occurring on the mandibular gingiva, and typical immunohistochemical stain findings.
Female ; Gingiva ; Gingival Diseases ; Gingival Neoplasms ; Granular Cell Tumor ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Male ; Mouth ; Recurrence ; Respiration

Todays, remnant split-thickness skin graft is stored for graft failure or for delayed grafting. Refrigerated skin is usually stored for 3 weeks, after which, cellular respiration ceaces. Even though the refrigerated skin can be used before 3 weeks after harvest, the success rate of the skin graft is usually lower than in case of fresh skin. One of the most reliable explanations is multiplication of microorganisms on the stored skin, that is, the more microorganisms on the refrigerated skin, the less the success rate of grafts. For this reasons, some kind of antibiotics have been used for storage of the split-thickness skin piece. But there is no report about the effect of antibiotics on stored skin. We want to know the effect of the antibiotics on stored skin. For this purpose, we did three experiments for qualititative bacteriology of refrigerated skin. Experiment 1 was qualititative identification of microorganisms colonizing split-thickness skin after 2 weeks storage in low temperature, and sensitivity tests for identified microorganisms. On the basis of experiment 1, the proper antibiotics were selected and samples of split-thickness skin were stored using this antibiotics. At 2 weeks after storage in low temperature, samples of split-thickness skin were cultured for identification of bacterial growth. This is experiment 2. Experiment 3 is histologic examination of the split-thickness skin involved in experiment 1 and 2.In the experiment 1, we found five kinds of microorganisms in 9 out of 30 split-thickness skin samples. The most common microorganism was coagulase negative Staphylococcus which was found in 4 samples. Through the antibiotics sensitivity test, teicoplanin was selected as the most proper antibiotics. In experiment 2, we could not find any microorganisms in 30 split-thickness skin samples. In experiment 3, there were no histologic differences in the split-thickness skin samples whether antibiotics were used or not. Through these results, we have confirms that split-thickness skin pieces are more safely stored using proper antibiotics.
Anti-Bacterial Agents* ; Bacteriology ; Cell Respiration ; Coagulase ; Colon ; Skin* ; Staphylococcus ; Teicoplanin ; Transplants

PURPOSE: The effect of surfactant treatment on inflammatory cell populations has not been determined. I evaluated the effect of surfactant treatment on a number and distribution of inflammatory cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF) from the preterm infants who were dependent on mechanical ventilation over the 1st week of life. METHODS: This study included 8 preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome(RDS) who received surfactant(Exosurf, 67.5mg/kg Dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine(DPPC) with a volume of 5 ml/kg, single dose)on their first day of life and 7 preterm infants of similar severity who did not. BALFs were collected on days 2, 3, 5, and 7 after birth. Cell counts were performed from the obtained BALFs, then they were applied to cytospin and Wright stain, and the differentials were calculated on 200 cells. RESULTS: Surfactant treatment had no significant effect on the number of BALF white cells on days 2-7. Polymorphonuclear cell numbers were not different in both groups on days 2 7. Macrophage cell numbers were higher overall in surfactant treated babies compared to those in untreated babies on days 2-7(P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Surfactant treatment appeared to accelerate the appearance of macrophages in BALF.
Bronchoalveolar Lavage ; Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid ; Cell Count ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Premature* ; Macrophages ; Parturition ; Respiration, Artificial

We describe here the first known case in Korea of pulmonary involvement with peripheral T cell lymphoma and the patient presented with severe hypoxic respiratory failure. A 57-yr-old man was admitted to our hospital with rapid progression of dyspnea and bilateral diffuse infiltration on a chest radiograph. He received mechanical ventilation and low dose corticosteroid treatment under the suspicion of critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency. Transbronchial lung biopsy revealed large atypical lymphoid cells with positivity for CD3+. We diagnosed this patient as having a peripheral T cell lymphoma and we treated him with high dose corticosteroid. His clinical and radiologic findings rapidly improved and then he received a full dose of chemotherapy for the peripheral T cell lymphoma.
Biopsy ; Dyspnea ; Humans ; Korea ; Lung ; Lymphocytes ; Lymphoma ; Lymphoma, T-Cell, Peripheral ; Respiration, Artificial ; Respiratory Insufficiency ; Thorax

Craniomaxillofacial injuries produce complex wound environments involving various tissue types and treatment strategies. In a clinical setting, care is taken to properly irrigate and stabilize the injury, while grafts are molded in an attempt to maintain physiological functionality and cosmesis. This often requires multiple surgeries and grafts leading to added discomfort, pain and financial burden. Many of these injuries can lead to disfigurement and resultant loss of system function including mastication, respiration, and articulation, and these can lead to acute and long-term psychological impact on the patient. A main causality of these issues is the lack of an ability to spatially control pre-injury morphology while maintaining shape and function. With the advent of additive manufacturing (three-dimensional printing) and its use in conjunction with biomaterial regenerative strategies and stem cell research, there is an increased potential capacity to alleviate such limitations. This review focuses on the current capabilities of additive manufacturing platforms, completed research and potential for future uses in the treatment of craniomaxillofacial injuries, with an in-depth discussion of regeneration of the periodontal complex and teeth.
Biocompatible Materials ; Durapatite ; Fungi ; Humans ; Mastication ; Periodontium ; Printing, Three-Dimensional* ; Regeneration* ; Respiration ; Stem Cell Research ; Tooth ; Transplants ; Wounds and Injuries

Craniomaxillofacial injuries produce complex wound environments involving various tissue types and treatment strategies. In a clinical setting, care is taken to properly irrigate and stabilize the injury, while grafts are molded in an attempt to maintain physiological functionality and cosmesis. This often requires multiple surgeries and grafts leading to added discomfort, pain and financial burden. Many of these injuries can lead to disfigurement and resultant loss of system function including mastication, respiration, and articulation, and these can lead to acute and long-term psychological impact on the patient. A main causality of these issues is the lack of an ability to spatially control pre-injury morphology while maintaining shape and function. With the advent of additive manufacturing (three-dimensional printing) and its use in conjunction with biomaterial regenerative strategies and stem cell research, there is an increased potential capacity to alleviate such limitations. This review focuses on the current capabilities of additive manufacturing platforms, completed research and potential for future uses in the treatment of craniomaxillofacial injuries, with an in-depth discussion of regeneration of the periodontal complex and teeth.
Biocompatible Materials ; Durapatite ; Fungi ; Humans ; Mastication ; Periodontium ; Printing, Three-Dimensional* ; Regeneration* ; Respiration ; Stem Cell Research ; Tooth ; Transplants ; Wounds and Injuries

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effect of high glucose on mitochondrial respiratory chain function in INS-1 cells.

METHODSThe pancreatic beta cell line INS-1 was divided into the normal control (NC), high glucose (HG), and N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) pretreatment groups, which were cultured for 72 h in the presence of 5.5 mmol/L glucose, 16.7 mmol/L glucose, and 16.7 mmol/L glucose with 1.0 mmol/L NAC, respectively. The activities of the enzyme complexes I and III of the respiratory chain in the cells were assessed with spectrophotometry, the ATP levels were examined using a luciferinluciferase kit, and insulin levels detected by radioimmunoassay.

RESULTSThe activities of the respiratory chain enzyme complexes I and III were 1.53-/+0.24 and 1.08-/+0.22 micromol.mg(-1).min(-1) in high glucose group, respectively, significantly lower than those in the normal control group (2.31-/+0.33 and 1.92-/+0.39 micromol.mg(-1).min(-1), P<0.01). ATP and insulin levels also decreased significantly in high glucose group as compared with those in the normal control group (P<0.01). The addition of NAC partially inhibited high glucose-induced decreases in the enzyme complex activities, ATP levels and insulin secretion (P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONThe respiratory chain function is positively correlated to insulin secretion in INS-1 cells, and exposure to high glucose causes impairment of the two enzyme complexes activities through oxidative stress, resulting in the mitochondrial respiratory chain dysfunction. High glucose-induced damages of the mitochondrial respiratory chain function can be partially inhibited by NAC.

Cell Respiration ; drug effects ; Cells, Cultured ; Glucose ; pharmacology ; Humans ; Insulin-Secreting Cells ; cytology ; physiology ; Mitochondria ; physiology ; Oxidative Stress ; drug effects