BACKGROUND: The relative importance of body composition, lifestyle factors, bone turnover and hormonal factors in determining bone mineral density (BMD) is unknown. We studied younger postmenopausal women to determine whether modifiable or nonmodifiable risk factors for osteoporosis have stronger associations with BMD. METHODS: In multivariable linear regression models, we tested associations between non-bone body composition measures, self-reported measures of physical activity and dietary intake, urinary N-telopeptide (NTx), sex hormone concentrations, and BMD in 109 postmenopausal women aged 50 to 64 years, adjusting for current hormone therapy use and clinical risk factors for low BMD. Lean mass, fat mass and areal BMD (aBMD) at the lumbar spine, femoral neck, total hip and distal radius were measured using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS: Higher body weight and self-reported nonwhite race were independently associated with higher aBMD at the lumbar spine, femoral neck, total hip and distal radius. Lean and fat mass were not independently associated with aBMD. Older age and higher urinary NTx were independently associated with lower aBMD at the distal radius but not at weight-bearing sites. Sensitivity analyses demonstrated lack of an independent association between total daily protein or calorie intake and BMD. CONCLUSIONS: BMD, weight and race were the most important determinants of aBMD at all sites. Older age and higher bone turnover were independently associated with lower aBMD at the distal radius. In a limited analysis, self-reported physical activity, dietary protein and calorie intake were not associated with aBMD after adjustment for the other variables.
Absorptiometry, Photon ; Body Composition* ; Body Weight ; Bone Density ; Continental Population Groups ; Dietary Proteins ; Female ; Femur Neck ; Hip ; Humans ; Life Style* ; Linear Models ; Menopause ; Motor Activity ; Osteoporosis ; Radius ; Risk Factors ; Spine ; Weight-Bearing

OBJECTIVE: To determine the incidence of contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) among patients undergoing fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) METHODS: One hundred fifty-nine (159) patients from the Ophthalmology out-patient department were enrolled in this prospective, observational study. Serum creatinine (SCr) and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were measured within 7 days before and 48 to 72 hours after FFA. Subjects were stratified into low-, intermediate-, and high-risk groups for developing CIN according to baseline eGFR. CIN was defined by an increase in SCr by more than 25% or by 0.5 mg/dL within 72 hours of intravascular administration of contrast media. The incidence of CIN, changes in SCr levels, and changes in eGFR were analyzed. RESULTS: Of the 144 subjects who completed the study, 106 (73.6%) were females, 105 (72.9 %) were diabetics, and 57 (39.6%) had elevated baseline SCr. Four (4 or 2.8%) patients developed CIN after FFA, all of whom had normal baseline SCr and were stratified as low-risks. Overall, there were no significant changes in the means of SCr (1.18 ± 0.56 vs 1.16 ± 0.52, p = 0.13) and eGFR (64.53 ± 26.05 vs 64.94 ± 24.88, p = 0.64) before and after FFA. In the low-risk group, the means of SCr and eGFR remained unchanged after FFA (p = 0.06 and p = 0.15, respectively). In the intermediate-risk group, no significant change was appreciated in SCr levels (p = 0.07) however a significant improvement in eGFR (p = 0.006) was seen. Interestingly, a significant decrease in SCr levels (p = 0.004) as well as a significant improvement in eGFR (p = 0.02) was noted after FFA in the high-risk group. CONCLUSION: The incidence of CIN among patients undergoing FFA in our cohort was 2.8%. There was no prolonged or serious worsening of renal function based on SCr and eGFR before and after FFA overall, and among low-, moderate-, and high-risk groups.
Creatinine ; Glomerular Filtration Rate ; Contrast Media ; Incidence ; Fluorescein Angiography ; Acute Kidney Injury ; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions