Increasing evidence suggests that a complex net-work of fever induction pathways in mammalian exists. In this article,the overview of recent studies on the mechanism of fever induced by different pyrogens using IL-1, IL-1R, ICE, IL-1ra, IL-1RacP, IL-6,IL-10,TNFR,cPLA 2,COX,EP,AT 2,iNOS and D 2/3 knockout mice is presented. Hyperthermia respond to localized infection/inflammation(e.g.,sc injection of turpentine) is mediated by IL-1? and IL-6 in turn.While fever induced by systemic infection/inflammation(e.g.,treatment with LPS intraperitoneally) varies with the different doses of pyrogens administered .Fever caused by a low dose of LPS administered ip is IL-6 dependent ,but the IL-6 independent pathway is crucial for the fever evoked by a high dose of LPS.Febrile responses during both local and systemic infection/inflammation develop totally through central PGE 2 dependent mechanism, but some stress induced hyperthermia otherwise.

This report deals with 9 cases of brain paragonimiasis whose clinicalmenifestations are of several types, such as epulepsy, brain tumor menigitis.paralysis, vision disturbance and/or headache. Precipitation test and skintest are positive in 8 of the 9 patients, and electroencephalography is ab-normal to a certaln degree in 8 patients. All the cases received specifictherapy. After 4 month-2 and a half year follow-up, six cases returned to normal,one got recurrent episode and one got residual local damage in the brain. Bitin is a good choice in chemical therapy but should be used in combi-nation with dehydrants, cortisone, etc.

Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) is the speed limit enzyme that liberates the sn-2 fatty acyl chains from phospho-lipids to yield nonesterified fatty acids and lysophospholipids. Its metabolites have a wide range of biological activity in a series of physiological and pathological process such as gene expression, energy metabolism, plasmalemma re-configuration, signal transduction, inflammation, trauma, and etc. This review introduced members of the PLA2 super-family and their functions. And the effect on the activity and/or mass of PLA2 family was summarized with a purpose to promote related research, of which more than 100 items included prescriptions, herbs and their active ingredients in 150 articles were collected from the database.

Objective Analysis and adscription of volatiles from Guizhi Tang and study on its improvement of the learning and memory in dementia mice induced by scopolamine.Methods The volatile oil from Guizhi Tang(GZT),Guizhi and Shengjiang was extracted using steam distillation method and was analyzed by GC-MS. Morris water maze and step-down test were carried out for obtain the difference of the learning and memory improvement in 40 ICR mice from randomized groups, such as the control group, the model group, the donepezil group (2 mg/kg), the low dose of volatile oil of GZT (5 mg/kg), and the high dose of volatile oil of GZT (20 mg/kg), and ACh, AchE, BchE and chE in serum were detected by ELISA. Results Among 38 identyfied volatile ingredients from GZT, 18(44% in weight) was from Guizhi, and 9 was from Shengjiang. Compared with the model group, the low and high dose of GZT volatile oil significantly increased swimming distance ratio in destination quadrant (26.74% ± 16.42%vs.9.42% ± 8.50%, P<0.05); goal quadrant time scale (43.51% ± 25.12%vs. 14.50% ± 12.23%,P<0.05)) increased significantly than the model group ; the number of errors in the experiment platform (1.63 ± 1.19vs. 0.25 ± 0.46, P<0.05) obviously increased than model group ; platform test in the made errors times (0.57 ± 0.98vs. 4.43 ± 2.4, P<0.05) significantly reduced. The GZT total volatile oil groups significantly reduced cognitive obstacles small rat serum in the cholinester enzyme (chE) (140.90 ± 3.27, 144.79 ± 6.71vs. 134.49 ± 3.36,P<0.05); acetylcholinesterase (AchE) (3.30 ± 1.31, 3.94 ± 0.78 vs.8.52 ± 3.39,P<0.05); butyrylcholinesterase (BchE) (3.22 ± 0.45, 3.66 ± 0.53vs. 7.99 ± 0.79,P<0.05); and acetylcholine (Ach) (4.10 ± 0.38, 3.03 ± 0.25vs.1.72 ± 0.50, P<0.05) significantly increased.Conclusions The GZT volatile oil mainly from Guizhi and Shengjiang can improve the learning and memory ability in dementia mice induced by scopolamine via a cholinergic mechnism.

Objective To investigate the value of colonoscopy with narrow band imaging (NBI) in predicting the histology of colorectal polypoid lesions. Methods A total of 173 colorectal polypoid lesions from 125 patients were included in the study. The lesions were diagnosed as neoplastic (adenoma or cancer)or non-neoplastic based on pit patterns and/or capillary patterns (CP), which was compared with the results of pathology, and the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of each method were evaluated. Results In differentiation between neoplastic and non-neoplastic lesions, the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of CP (94. 83% , 91. 23% and 93.64% , respectively), and those of CP combined with pit patterns (95. 69% ,96.49% and 95. 59% , respectively) were significantly higher than those of conventional colonoscopy (80. 17% , 84.21% and 81.50% , respectively, P<0.05). In differentiation between adenoma and cancer,the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of CP were 86.90% , 100.00% and 87.93% , respectively.Conclusion NBI is superior to conventional colonoscopy in differentiation between neoplastic and non-neoplastic lesions, as well as in differentiation between adenoma and carcinoma.

Objective To analyze the differences of morphological and microvascular characteristics between hyperplastic polyps and colorectal adenoma (CA) under narrow band imaging (NBI) without magnification endoscopy,and to evaluate the value of NBI in differential diagnosis.Methods Patients with rectal polyps diagnosed by common endoscopy and pathologically confirmed CA and hyperplastic polyps were recruited in this study and under NBI examination.The pit pattern was divided into type A and B according to modified Kudo pit pattern classification.And the vascular pattern was classified into three types,type Ⅰ with invisible microvascular,type Ⅱ with even microvascular arranged along pit and type Ⅲ with uneven microvascular and irregular arranged.The differences of morphological and microvascular characteristics between hyperplastic polyps and CA were compared and the inter-observer consistency of NBI without magnification endoscopy was evaluated.Results Overall,87 patients with 107 polyps (73 CAs,34 hyperplastic polyps) underwent NBI without magnification endoscopy examination.The maximum diameter and the proportion of polyps with sublobe was higher in CA group than that of hyperplastic polyps group (P =0.0023 and 0.0047).In CA group,most pit shapes were type B (86.3％,63/73),and most vascular pattern types were Ⅱ/Ⅲ (82.2％,60/73).The sensitivity,specificity and accuracy of CA diagnosed with features of type B pit shape or Ⅱ/Ⅲ vascular pattern type was 97.3％,82.4％ and 92.5％.The sensitivity,specificity and accuracy of CA diagnosed with combined features of type B pit shape and Ⅱ/Ⅲ vascular pattern type was 71.2％,91.2％ and 77.6％.The mean kappa value of inter-observer consistency was 0.761.Conclusions There are differences in pit shapes and vascular pattern characteristics between CA and hyperplastic polyps.According to these two facts,CA and hyperplastic polyps can be initially differential diagnosed by NBI without magnification endoscopy.

Objective To analyze the clinical and endoscopic characteristics of fundic gland polyps (FGPs).Methods A case-control study was carried out at the Afifliated Beijing Shijitan Hospital of Capital Medical University from 2008 to 2015. The patients who accepted an upper endoscopy and found the gastric polyps for the ifrst time (diagnosed by pathology) were included in the study. Then, we analyzed the clinic and pathological characteristics of FGPs and non-FGPs.Results During the study period, 867 patients were enrolled, and 319 (36.8%) patients had FGPs. Compared the cases with the controls, the size of FGPs was smaller, an average is (0.40 ± 0.15) cm, single accounted for 67.7%, and 88.1% of FGPs were located at fundus and body. Helicobacter pylori infection of the cases detected was found in 6.1%, less than non-FGPs. There were statistically signiifcant differences observed in these aspects. From 2008 to 2015, the proportion of FGPs in gastric polyps and the detection rate of FGPs are both gradually elevated.Conclusions FGPs are the common gastric polyps, and its detection rate is gradually elevated. Most of the FGPs are mainly located at fundus and body, and single. Helicobacter pylori infection detected in the patients who have FGPs is rare.

Objectives To investigate the clinical, pathological and endoscopic characteristics of colorectal polyps treated by endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR), then evaluate its therapeutic effect and security, and analyze its significance in diagnosis and treatment. Methods Clinical and pathological data of 437 patients (687 lesions), who underwent EMR from August, 2014 to August, 2015 were collected. A retrospective analysis was made, and lesions were statistically analyzed by variables such as age, sex, endoscopic features and clinical and pathological characteristics, and so on, according to the group procedure of adenoma cancerization and 'high risk adenomas - low risk adenomas - non-adenoma polyps' to observe the curative effect and safety on EMR. Results 48.28% of the patients who received colonoscopy examines were detected with polyps, and 34.90% of them were operated EMR, including advanced adenomas, which were 17.08% of the total quantity. From non-adenoma to advanced adenoma, with a increasing possibility of carcinogenesis, the location of polyps are transferred from proximal colon to distal colon and lesions are readily to be pedunculated ones with a higher level of mucosal lobulation and other kinds of mucosal changing. The degeneration of the colorectum is associated with pedunculated polyps, distal colorectal polyps, the size (>1.0 cm), adenomas containing villous structures and mucosal lobulation. As for EMR treatment, the en bloc resection rate can reach as high as 99.70%, with a complication rate of 1.14%. Conclusions Some special characteristics can be found in the site and the endoscopic feature of advanced adenomas and degenerated adenomas. To polyps sizing in 0.5 ~ 3.0 cm, EMR with endoclips has a remarkable effect and a low complication incidence. It can reduce the process of colorectal adenoma degenerates to multiple colorectal adenocarcinoma, which can be regarded as an effective method to prevent and cure the colorectal carcinoma.

Cinnamaldehyde was shown to have significant anti-inflammatory and anti-pyretic actions in studies from both others' and our lab. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) plays a key role in generation of these pathological states, while PGE, synthase-1 (mPGES-1) is one of crucial biological elements in the process of PGE2 production. And as a downstream inducible terminal prostaglandin synthase of COX-2, mPGES-1 is now regarded as a more promising novel drug target than COX-2 and is attracting more and more attention from both academia and pharmaceutical industry. The purpose of present study was to further investigate the anti-inflammatory and antipyretic molecular mechanisms of cinnamaldehyde based on the mouse macrophage cell line RAW264. 7 in vitro. The PGE2 was identified by using the method of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the expression of COX-2 and mPGES-1 at mRNA and protein levels was detected by the Real-time PCR and Western blotting methods respectively. The experimental results suggested that cinnamaldehyde could evidently reverse the increased production of PGE2induced by IL-1beta. Moreover, the up-regulated expression levels of mPGES-1 and COX-2 were significatly decreased. Together, these results provide compelling evidence that the down-regulated actions to both the production of PGE2 as well as the expression of mPGES-I might account for, at least in part, the anti-inflammatory and anti-pyretic effects of cinnamaldehyde.
Acrolein ; analogs & derivatives ; pharmacology ; Animals ; Blotting, Western ; Cell Line ; Dinoprostone ; metabolism ; Interleukin-1beta ; pharmacology ; Intramolecular Oxidoreductases ; metabolism ; Macrophages ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Mice ; Prostaglandin-E Synthases ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction

Objective To investigate the value of NICE classification on real-time diagnosis for neoplastic and non-neoplastic colorectal polyps. Methods The histological type of 107 polypoid lesions from 50 patients detected by colonoscopy was predicted by 4 endoscopic physicians using NICE classification, including 1 chief physician, 2 associate chief physician, and 1 attending physician. Taking pathological result as gold standard, the real-time diagnostic accuracy of NICE classification for neoplastic colorectal polyps was evaluated, and the differences of diagnostic accuracy between the 4 endoscopic physicians were compared. Results Among the 107 polypoid lesions, 49 were neoplastic polyps and 58 were non-neoplastic polyps. The sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of NICE classification on determination of the histological type of polyps were 81. 6% (40/49), 70. 0% (40/58), 74. 8% ( 80/107) , 70. 0%( 40/58) , and 81. 6%( 40/49) , respectively. There was no statistical difference on the prediction ability between the 4 physicians using NICE classification. Conclusion NICE classification is a feasible method for real-time prediction of histology type of colorectal polyps, and it is undemanding to the qualifications of physicians.