Visual field examination is essential for evaluating optical nerve damage in glaucomatous eye.Severity of visual field abnormality affects the decision of treating regimen and monitor of disease change and is an integral part of patient care.Staging glaucomatous visual field defects is important for clinicians and researchers.Many classification methods of visual field damage severity have been proposed,but none has been widespread used in clinical practice.Each method has its own distinct advantage and disadvantage.So no a golden standard is universally accepted in the visual field defects staging method up to now,and different methods provide us multiple choice.It is still a challenge for clinician to choose a simple and accurate system to stage visual field defects of glaucomatous patient.This article offers a review of the various classification and staging methods of functional damage,which have been used in the field of glaucoma.

Glaucoma is a progressive optic nerve disease, it can cause structural changes of the optic nerve, resulting in irreversible damage of visual function. Early diagnosis is the key to treat the disease at an early stage to stop or delay the progression of visual functional defects. New technologies, including optic nerve and nerve fiber layer structural tests and visual functional tests, increased the diagnosis rate of primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) at an early stage.

Objective To investigate the effects of therapeutic hypercapnia on acute pulmonary allograft rejection induced by macrophages in rats.Methods Twenty-four adult male Wistar rats and 12 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats,weighing 250-280 g,were used in this study.The recipient rats were randomly divided into 3 groups using a random number table (n =6 each):syngraft group (group S),allograft group (group A) and therapeutic hypercapnia group (group H).In group S,Wistar rats served as donors and recipients,while in A and H groups,Sprague-Dawley rats served as donors and Wistar rats served as recipients.Orthotopic left lung transplantation was performed using the cuff technique.After transplantation,the rats inhaled 50％ N2-50％ O2 for 90 min during reperfusion in S and A groups,while in group H the rats inhaled N2-O2-CO2 for 90 min during reperfusion and PaCO2 was maintained at 80-100 mm Hg and O2 concentration in inspired air at 48％-50％ by adjusting the concentrations of the three gases.At 7 days after operation,the arterial blood sample was collected for blood gas analysis and for determination of serum concentrations of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interferon γ (IFN-γ)by ELISA.The oxygenation index was calculated.Then the rats were sacrificed,and the transplanted lungs were removed for microscopic examination and for detection of infiltration of macrophages (by immunohistochemistry)and cell apoptosis (by using TUNEL) in lung tissues.The rejection was scored and apoptotic index was calculated.Results Compared with group S,PaCO2,serum concentrations of TNF-α and IFN-γ,rejection score,the number of macrophages and apoptotic index were significantly increased,and oxygenation index was decreased in group A (P ＜ 0.05).Compared with group A,pH value and oxygenation index were significantly increased,and serum concentrations of TNF-α and IFN-γ,rejection score,the number of macrophages and apoptotic index were decreased in group H (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Therapeutic hypercapnia can reduce macrophage-induced acute pulmonary allograft rejection possibly through inhibiting the inflammatory responses and cell apoptosis.

Hepatitis B is a serious hazard to human health.This paper describes the current clinical use of several nucleoside antiviral drugs combination,and introduces the candidate drugs which are able to effectively inhibit the hepatitis B virus replication in vivo and in vitro in two years,which provides reference for the research and development of new anti-HBV drugs.

Animals ; Creatine Kinase ; blood ; Energy Metabolism ; Lactate Dehydrogenases ; blood ; Male ; Pressure ; adverse effects ; Rabbits ; Serum ; enzymology

Objective To observe the effects of Danhong Injection in the treatment of lacunar cerebral infarction, Methods 82 patients with lacunar cerebral infarction were randomly recruited into a treatment group (n=42) and a control group (n=40). The treatment group was treated with Danhong Injection, 30ml/d for once, while the control group was treated with Danshen Injection, i.v. 20ml/day for once. Both groups were treated for 14 days. Results The total effective rate was 97.62% and 77.50% in the treatment group and the control group respectively, showing significant difference (χ~2=4.65, P< 0.05) . Conclusion Danhong Injection is better than Danshen Injection in treatment of lacunar cerebral infarction.

Objective To study the mechanism of NS1619 on airway remodeling in asthmatic mice. Methods A total of 24 healthy female BALB/c mice were randomly divided into 3 groups:the control group, the oval albumin (OVA) group (the asthma group) and the NS1619 group (the intervention group), 8 mice in each group. Asthma group was induced with OVA, chal-lenged by continuous inhalation with 5%OVA from day 19 to 23, then changed to 3 times per week from day 24 to 55. Interven-tion group was inhaled with NS1619 (30μmol/L) before OVA. Control group was given with normal saline. The thickness of air-way smooth muscle and the area of collagen deposition in lung tissue slices were observed by HE and Masson staining, measured by a computer assisted image analysis system. The concentration ofα-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) in cells was detected by immunohistochemistry. The expression of platelet derived grouth factor-BB, PDGF-BB (PDGF-BB) in serum was measured by immunosorbent assay. Results Compared with the asthma group, the pathologic changes of lung tissue, the thickness of airway smooth muscle and collagen deposition in the group treated with NS1619 were signiifcantly decreased (P<0.05). Compared with the asthma group, the levels ofα-SMA in cells and PDGF-BB in serum in NS1619 treated group were signiifcantly decreased (P<0.05). Conclusions NS1619 partly inhibited airway remodeling in asthmatic mice, partially by down-regulating the expres-sion level ofα-SMA and PDGF-BB.

Animals ; Creatine Kinase ; blood ; Lactate Dehydrogenases ; blood ; Lipid Peroxidation ; Male ; Rabbits ; Superoxide Dismutase ; blood ; Weight-Bearing

Air Pollutants ; toxicity ; Animals ; Female ; Lung ; drug effects ; pathology ; Male ; Nitrogen Dioxide ; toxicity ; Particulate Matter ; toxicity ; Pulmonary Surfactant-Associated Proteins ; metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Sulfur Dioxide ; toxicity ; Uteroglobin ; metabolism

Objective To control the quality of GongYanKang Granule. Methods Radix Paeoniae Rubra, Corydalis and Radix Angelicae Sinensis of Gongyankang Granules were identified by TLC. Results Qualitative identification to Radix Paeoniae Rubra, Corydalis and Radix Angelicae Sinensis in GongYanKang Granules by TCL showed that this method has negative interference, clear spots and good resolving powder. Conclusion This method is simple and accurate with good reproducibiliy, being suitable for quality control of Gongyankang Granule.