With the wide use of nanomaterials in biomedicine,materials,chemicals and other fields,their environmental exposure and cellular toxicity have come to the attention of researchers as a new research area in the field of nanotoxicology and nanomedicine. Researches on the toxic effects of nanomaterials have not only provided of a theoretical basis for safety evaluation of nanomaterials ,but also promoted the have applications of nanotechnology. Numerous studies have revealed cell death is closely associated with the toxicity of nanomaterials. In this paper,we elaborated on the roles of three key cell death modes in nanotoxicity,including autophagy,apoptosis,and necrosis. Furthermore,the pos?sible mechanisms involved in these three modes were explored. All this will provide reference for safety evaluation of nanomaterials.

Objective To analysis the molecular epidemiology characteristics of human Bocavirus1-4 ( HBoV 1-4) in children for diarrhea in Urumqi area.Methods Feces samples were collected from 315 in-patient and out-patient children with diarrhea at People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region,Xinjiang Province,China,all through the year of 2011.Using nested PCR,which amplified NS1(518 bp) fragments.Human Bocavirus1-4 were screened. Results The overall frequency of HBoVs was 8.57％ (27/315),of which 2 were HBoV1,22 were HBoV2,and 3 were HBoV3.HBoV4 was not detected.Except XJ1378,the rest of 26 strains shared 98％-100％ nucleotide sequence identity with different reference strains,but 3 HBoV3 all shared 92％ nucleotide sequence identity with gorilla BGoV12009( HM145750.1 ).Phylogeny showed that NS1 fragments of HBoV3 were closer to that of HBoV1.HBoV infection was distributing throughout the year,there was no significant seasonal.There was no difference in gender,age and ethnic.Conclusion HBoV1-3 were detected throughout the year in Urumqi area,Xinjiang,HBoV2 was dominant.

Objective To investigate the effects of Furong-Tongmai capsules on the expressions of interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in the sciatic nerve in diabetic rats.Methods A total of 50 rats were randomly divided into the normal control group,model group,and low-,medium-,and high-dose of Furong-Tongmai groups,10 rats in each group.Diabetes mellitus in rats were induced by intraperitoneal streptozotocin injection (60 mg/kg).The rats in the low-,medium-,and high-dose of Furong-Tongmai groups were intragastric administrated with Furong-Tongmai suspension 0.7,1.4 and 2.8 g/kg daily for 8 weeks,respectively.The rots in the normal control group and model group were intragastric administrated with equal-volume normal saline daily for 8 weeks.The expression levels of IL-1 and TNF-α in the sciatic nerve were detected with immunohistochemistry staining.Results The expression levels of IL-1 (1.43％ ± 0.17％ vs.0.21％ ± 0.09％;P＜0.05) and TNF-α (1.98％ ± 0.12％ vs.0.35％ ± 0.03％;P＜0.05) in the model group were significantly increased than those in the normal control group.The expression levels of IL-1 (0.54％ ± 0.14％,0.51％ ± 0.13％ vs.1.43％ ± 0.17％;all P＜0.05) and TNF-α (0.57％ ± 0.17％,0.49％ ± 0.15％ vs.1.98％ ± 0.12％;all P＜0.05) in the medium-,and high-dose of Furong-Tongmai groups were significantly decreased than those in the model group and low-dose of Furong-Tongmai group (1.08％ ± 0.18％ in IL-1,1.11％ ± 0.09％ in TNF-α;all P＜0.05).Conclusion Furong-Tongmai capsules can reduce the expressions of IL-1 and TNF-α in sciatic nerve in diabetic rats.

Objective To acquire some related data of surgical approach through brain superior temporal sulcus to temporal horn of lateral ventricle by MRI volume rendering, and to orientate the point of superior temporal sulcus on the lateral surface which is closest to temporal horn of lateral ventricle,and to find out the best entrance point of surgical approach through superior temporal sulcus to temporal horn of lateral ventricle.Methods 120 adult cases of MRI scanning specimens were chosen for measurement. MRI volume rendering technology was used to rebuild the brain 3D model for the measurement of the full length of superior temporal sulcus S1 .Then cutting along the prependicular to the direction of the long axis of the temporal lobe with 1.0 mm spacings,the coronal sections were obtained,and the distance from superior temporal sulcus to temporal horn of lateral ventricle was ordinally measured and the shortest distance S2 was made sure.And the depth of superior temporal sulcus S3 was detected. The corresponding point on the surface of the brain at superior temporal sulcus according to the point leading the shortest distance S4 was determined. The ratio of S4 to S1 M was calculated. The angle between the shortest distance and median sagittal plane asαwas determined.All the samples were measured on both sides of the brain and all the data were compared.Results The S1 of the 120 cases was (159.56 ± 17.55)mm on the left and (164.35± 15.07)mm on the right,there was no statistical difference between two cerebral hemispheres(P>0.05);the S2 was (8.18±0.96)mm on the left and (7.81±0.90)mm on the right,there was no statistical difference between two cerebral hemispheres(P>0.05);the S3 was (12.19±1.43)mm on the left and (11.57± 1.33)mm on the right,there was no statistical difference between two cerebral hemispheres(P>0.05);the S4 was (100.88±16.09)mm on the left and (104.15±14.49)mm on the right,there was no statistical difference between two cerebral hemispheres(P>0.05);the M was (0.63 ±0.07)on the left and (0.63 ±0.06)on the right,there was no statistical difference between two cerebral hemispheres(P>0.05);theαwas (55.80±3.64)°on the left and (56.46±4.17)°on the right,there was no statistical difference between two cerebral hemispheres(P>0.05). Conclusion The point at the front side 3/5 of superior temporal sulcus may be the ideal surgical approach entrance point.The distance from the point to temporal horn of lateral ventricle is shortest.It indicates that the approach can reduce the damage of brain tissue.

BACKGROUND:Mechano growth factor has the potential to activate muscle satelite cels and promote myogenic cel growth, and has dual roles in maintaining bone mass and repairing bone defects.
OBJECTIVE: To explore the mechanism underlying osteogenic differentiation of rabbit bone marrow mesenchymal stem cels promoted by the mechano growth factor.
METHODS:The best concentration and time of mechano growth factor to promote osteogenic differentiation of rabbit bone marrow mesenchymal stem cels were detected by MTT. The mRNA and protein expressions of alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin were detected by qPCR and western blot, respectively. The phosphorylation level of AKT and mTOR were detected by western blot assay.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:The best concentration and time of mechano growth factor was 45 μg/L and 5 days for promoting the osteogenic differentiation of rabbit bone marrow mesenchymal stem cels. The expressions of alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin at mRNA and protein levels were highest after 4-hour intervention with 45 μg/L mechano growth factor, and meanwhile, the phosphorylation levels of mTOR and AKT were also highest. These findings indicate that the mechano growth factor can promote the differentiation of rabbit bone marrow mesenchymal stem cels into osteoblastsvia PI3K/AKT pathway, and its best concentration and time are 45 μg/L and 4 hours, respectively.

BACKGROUND:Tumor stem cels are the root of cancer recurrence and metastasis, so clinical researches should focus on the effects of different treatments on tumor stem cels.
OBJECTIVE:To explore the effects of endocrine therapy and chemotherapy on stem cels in patients with breast cancer.
METHODS:After recovery and cultivation of estrogen receptor-positive human breast cancer cel lines MCF-7, passage 3 cels in logarithmic phase were selected and divided into three groups containing control, estradiol and estradiol with tamoxifen groups. The estradiol group was divided into three subgroups: 10-7, 10-8 and 10-9 mol/L estradiol was added into the medium, respectively; the estradiol with tamoxifen group was divided into three subgroups: 10-7, 10-8 and 10-9 mol/L estradiol with 10-6 mol/L tamoxifen were added into the medium, respectively. The same amount of absolute ethyl ethanol was added into the medium of control group. Fifteen female patients with late recurrence and metastasis of breast cancer received chemotherapy as recurrence and metastasis group. Another 15 healthy volunteers were selected as healthy control group.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:The proportion of CD44+CD24-/lowcel subsets in the estradiol and estradiol with tamoxifen groups was significantly higher than that of the control group (P < 0.05), and the proportion of CD44+CD24-/low cel subsets in the estradiol group was significantly higher than that of the estradiol with tamoxifen group at the same concentration (P< 0.05). The proportion of CD44+CD24-/lowcel subsets had no significant differences among groups at 10 and 20 days of culture (P < 0.05). The proportion of CD44+CD24-/low cel subsets significantly increased in MCF-7 cels after 24-hour intervention with different chemotherapy drugs. But only the proportion of CD44+CD24-/low cel subsets in the paclitaxel and doxorubicin groups was significantly higher than that of the control group after 20-day intervention (P < 0.05). Besides, the proportion of CD44+CD24-/low cel subsets in the peripheral blood of healthy volunteers was significantly lower than that of the recurrence and metastasis group (P < 0.05). Among 15 patients with late recurrence and metastatic of breast cancer, 9 had stable disease, 5 had partial remission, 1 had failed chemotherapy and cancer progression. Moreover, the proportion of CD45-CD44+CD24-/low cel subsets in the peripheral blood of patients sensitive for chemotherapy was significantly lower than that before treatment (P < 0.05). In conclusion, both endocrine therapy and chemotherapy exert a certain effect on the CD44+CD24-/low cel subsets of breast cancer positive for estrogen receptor. Given that CD44+CD24-/low cel subsets in MCF-7 cels resist chemotherapy drugs, the proportion of CD45-CD44+CD24-/low cels in the peripheral blood of patients sensitive for chemotherapy is decreased.

Objective To investigate mutations of CSMD3 gene in a pedigree of familial cortical myoclonic tremor with epilepsy (FCMTE).Methods Peripheral blood (5 ml) was obtained from FCMTE patients (7 cases),suspected cases,and control individuals.Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and purification of PCR products for sequencing were used to detect the existence of mutations in 73 exons of gene CSMD3.The resulting products were subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis and gel-imaging system.The PCR amplification products were sequenced.Results The sequencing results of 73 exons were compared with CSMD3gDNA sequence in human GenBank.We neither found any DNA sequence variation nor disease-related mutations.Conclusions The family does not have a mutation in the CSMD3 gene.We need to further find the disease genes and the mutations in this family.

This study was aimed to optimize the extraction process of double-marker components for Arctium lappa L. The central composite design and response surface methodology was used. According to 3 main factors, the extraction rates of arctiin and arctigenin was used as evaluation indexes. Multiple linear regression and two-order polynomial equation were used. The binomial fitting model was performed in the optimization of arctiin and arctigenin extraction technology. The results showed that the indentified optimized extraction technology of arctiin and arctigenin was 70% ethanol, 24-fold, ultrasonic solvent extraction for 15 minutes. It was concluded that this technology was able to extract large amount of arctiin and arctigenin, which provided experiment evidences for arctiin and arctigenin preparation. It also provided references for the development and utilization of arctiin and arctigenin.

Objective To explore the effects of traditional Chinese medicinal herbs (TCMHs) on the expression of tyrosinase gene, melanogenesis and proliferation of melanocytes and elucidate the mechanism of TCMHs in promoting melanogenesis. Methods Seven TCMHs including Herba Ecliptae, Spica Prunellae, Caulis Spatholob, etc, which were known to be effective in activating tyrosinase in vivo, were selected. Brownish guinea pigs were selected as the experimental model. The mRNA in situ hybridization (ISH), Schmorl-staining and dopa-oxygenase staining were performed to observe the effects of TCMHs on gene expression of tyrosinase, melanogenesis and melanocyte proliferation. Results The mRNA ISH showed that these seven drugs, especially Herba Ecliptae,Spica Prunellae and Tribulus terrestris could significantly increase the number of positive cells and the intensity of hybridization signal in the treated group as compared with that in the control group (P 0.1). Conclusions These results suggested that these 7 TCMHs including Herba Ecliptae can upregulate the gene expression of tyrosinase, enhance the melanogenesis and promote the proliferation of melanocytes.

Objective: To investigate the long term efficacy of COPADM regimen in the treatment of Burkitt lymphoma (BL). Methods: The clinical data of 39 patients with BL from April 2006 to June 2017 were retrospectively analyzed. According to different chemotherapy regimens, the patients were divided into COPADM group and control group. Results: ①Of 39 BL patients, 26 were male and 13 female. The median age was 30 (11-63) years old, including 25 younger than 40 and 14 older than 40. Among them, 33 patients were in stage Ⅲ-Ⅳ, 13 patients had B symptoms and 25 patients were IPI score≥3. ② Twenty patients treated with COPADM regimen (COPADM group), the 3 year overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were (83.5±2.6)% and (73.2±3.1)%, respectively. Nineteen patients in the control group had a 3-year OS and EFS of (47.4±2.4) % and (42.1±2.4) %, respectively. There were significant differences in OS and EFS between the two groups (all P<0.001). ③Of the 20 patients in COPADM group, 12 were younger patients (age≤40 years), their 3-year OS and EFS were (93.7±3.9)% and (83.3±5.4)%, respectively. The other 8 patients were older than 40 years old, and their 3-year OS and EFS were (48.3±8.5) %, (37.6±6.0) %, respectively. Both OS and EFS in younger patients was significantly better than older patients (P=0.004, P=0.045). ④ There were 24 patients treated with combination of Rituximab, their 3-year OS and EFS were (73.9±9.2)% and (69.9±9.6)%, respectively. The other 15 patients were treated without Rituximab, and their 3-year OS and EFS were (51.3±13.3) % and (38.1±12.9) %, respectively. There were significant differences in OS and EFS between the two groups (P=0.042, P=0.008). Conclusion COPADM regimen may improve the efficacy of BL. COPADM combined with Rituximab enables BL patients with greater benefit. The prognosis is significantly worse in patients older than 40 years old than in those less than 40 years old.