Objective To investigate the pharmacoepidemiologic features of drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome (DHS) and improve the recognition of its particularity.Methods The clinical data of 28 patients with DHS were retrospectively analyzed and summarized.Results Of 28 DHS patients,the suspected drugs were allopurinol in 17 cases,anti-epileptic drugs in 4 cases,antiuberculotic drugs in 3 cases and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in 4 cases.The earliest symptoms of DHS were skin rash (89.3 ％) and fever(85.7 ％),secondly liver function damaged(75.0％),which may be accompanied by mucosa,eye,genital damage (53.6％),eosinophilia (32.1％),renal impairment (17.9％),even multiple organ failure and death.Conclusion DHS should be on the alert when rash,repeated fever and visceral lesion occurred in a patient,without good therapeutic efficacy through ordinary anti-anaphylaxis and anti-infective therapy,as well as with the above medication history.

OBJECTIVE:To investigate the current situation and developing trend of the drugs for schizophrenia in Guangdong Province.METHODS:The defined daily dose(DDD)system for drug utilization recommended by WHO was adopted.The data of antipsychotic consumption in44hospitals of Guangdong Province during the period2000～2002were col?lected and analysed.RESULTS:The sum of money of consumption of antipsychotics for schizophrenia in Guangdong Province was increasing year by year,and the use of the first generation antipsychotics was declining year by year and the second was increasing.CONCLUSION:The second generation antipsychotics for schizophrenia with good therapeutic effect,less ARDs will occupy the market of antipsychotics.

OBJECTIVE:To study the current situation and developing trend of the antidiabetics used in Guangdong re?gion.METHODS:The antidiabetics used in44hospitals in Guangdong region during the period2000～2003were analysed concerning the kinds of drug,sum of money for consumption and frequency of drug use.RESULTS:The sum of money for consumption of antidiabetics increased year by year so did its proportion in sum of money for consumption of total drug.Among them,consumption of insulin increased very quickly and oral antidiabetics assumed a tendency of increase as well.CONCLUSI_ ON:The variety of insulin is stable and new oral antidiabetics is going into market occasionally in this region,but frequency of use is primary to sulfonylurea,biguanides and glycosidase-inhibitors.

OBJECTIVE:To estimate the cost-effectiveness of4therapeutic regi mens in the treatment of candidal vaginitis.METHODS:182out-patients with candidal vaginitis in the hospital where the authors worked were randomly di?vided into4groups:baofukang suppository group(A),miconazole suppository+miconazole cream group(B),povidone Iodine ointment group(C),and luohuazizhu suppository group(D),medical economy was applied to analyze the cost-effectiveness.RESULTS:The costs in4groups were56.2yuan,69.4yuan,75.3yuan,and53.9yuan respectively;The effective rates were93.3%,91.3%,91.3,and80.0%respectively;The ratios of cost to effectiveness were0.60,0.76,0.82,and0.67re?spectively;Compared with D,the added cost-effectiveness ratio of A,B,C are0.17,1.37and1.89respectively.CONCLU?SION:Baofukang suppository is a preferable drug to treat candidal vaginitis.

Objective To investigate the effect of combination low-dose of methotrexate (MTX) and cy-clophosphamide (CTX) intermittent therapy on the synovial cell p53 expression of collagen-indued arthritis Rats. The possible synergistic effect is examined and the possible meehaniams are evaluated. Methods Models of CIA were successfully established in 75 female Wistar rats. The CIA rats were then randomized into controls. At the end of this 24-week study the synovium of ankle joints were obtained, fixed, decalcified, wrapped and cut into slices. The intensity of p53 mutations expressions was examined by immunohistochemi-stry method. Results The intensity of p53 mutations expression of synoviocytes in CIA model group was significantly higher than that in the controls. In addition, the p53 mutations expressions in the synoviocytes of the treatment groups were decreased markedly, which did not return to the baseline level. The improvement of p53 mutations in the combination treatment group was higher than the single treatment groups and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). However, the difference between the combination treatment group and high-dose MTX treatment group was not significant. Conclusion Low-dose of MTX combined with CTX has the same efficacy comparing to high-dose of MTX in inhibiting p53 expression of CIA rats synoviocytes, but it is superior to low-dose single drug group. The results suggest that the combination of MTX and CTX may be synergistic in the treatment of RA.

Objective To establish a method for determining the content of Shionone in Chantui Zhike Granules.Methods The determination of Shionone was performed at 490nm by TLC Scanning,with Petroleum ether∶ethyl acetate(19∶1)as developer and 10 %ethanol sulfate as color-developing agent.Results The linear range of Shionone was in the range of 0.96～5.76 ?g and r=0.9998.The average recovery was 98.67 %and RSD was 0.77 %.Conclusion This method is accurate with a good reproducibility and can be used for the quality control of Chantui Zhike Granules.

Objective To explore effects and possible mechanisms of combination therapy with methotrexate (MTX) and low dose cyclophosphamide (CTX) intermittently on the cyclin D 1 expression in the synovium of collagen induced arthritis rats.The outcome is analyzed.Methods After CIA experimental models were successfully established in female Wistar rats,they were randomly divided into CIA model group,low-dose MTX treatment group (0.9 mg·kg-1·W-1),high-dose MTX treatment group (2.7 mg·kg-1·W-1),Jowdose CTX treatment group [24 mg·kg-1·(3W)-1],and" low-dose MTX + low-dose CTX treatment group (MTX 0.9 mg·kg-1·W-1,CTX [24 mg·kg-1·(3W)-1].All of the rats were sacrificed 24 weeks after the first immunization,the specimens of ankle joints were exposed,fixed,decalcified,wrapped and cut into slices.The Cyclin D1 mRNA levels were examined by situ hybridization.Results The mRNA level of cyelin D1 in CIA synovial lining layer was significantly higher than that of normal controls,which suggested that in situ proliferation of synoviocytes might contribute to the thickening of rheumatoid synovial lining layer.The synovial expression intensity of the mRNA level of cyclin D1 in the treatment groups was decreased evidently.The mRNA level of cyclin D1 of the combination treatment group was higher than other groups,which was statistically significant (P＜0.05).Conclusion This is the first research on the effects of MTX combined with CTX intermittently based on cell cycles in CIA animal model.Combination therapy seems to be more effective than single-agent therapy.The results suggest that combining cell cycle stage specific agent MTX with cell cycle stage nonspecific agent CTX may be synergistic in the treatment of RA.Inhibition of the increased expression of the synovial cyclin D1 mRNA maybe an important mechanism of the MTX and CTX combination treatment for RA.

OBJECTIVE:To study the cost-effectiveness of4dose regimens in treating chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic cavity pain syndrome(CP/CPPS).METHODS:A total of140patients with CP/CPPS were randomly divided into4groups:Baiyanjing tablets and tamsulosin hydrochloride modified release capsules were administered for Group A;minocycline micro pills and alfuzosin retard tablets for Group B;rexithromycin tablets and doxazosin mesylate controlled release tablets for Group C;and levofloxacin tablets and terazosin tablets for Group D.The cost-effectiveness analysis was performed using pharma?coeconomics.RESULTS:The costs for the Group A,B,C and D were268.8yuan,641.8yuan,660.8yuan and666.4yuan,respectively.The effective rates were71.4%,91.4%,88.6%and91.4%,respectively.The cost-effectiveness ratios were3.76,7.02,7.46and7.29,respectively.The incremental cost-effectiveness ratios of Group B,C and D were18.65,22.79and19.88,respectively as against Group A.CONCLUSION:The treatment cost of CP/CPPS was composed of2parts:an?tibiotics? 1 -receptor blockers.Doctors should make an optimum choice based on patients'previous medication,economic status and physical condition,etc.

Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of recombinant human brain natriuretic peptide (rh-BNP) combined with levosimendan on acute myocardial infarction complicated by heart failure.Methods Patients who suffered from anterior wall acute myocardial infarction (AMI) with heart failure (KillipⅡ ～ Ⅲ) within 12 to 24 hours after the onset of chest pain were randomized into two groups: the control group (n=30, receiving dobutamine and/or cedilanid) and the experimental group (n=30, receiving rh-BNP combined with levosimendan).The hemodynamics, parameters of laboratory tests and adverse events were observed before and after treatment.Results The experimental group showed that the respiratory rate (RR), heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), arterial blood gas oxygen saturation (SaO2), cardiac index (CI), extravascular lung water index (EVLWI) were significantly different between 2 h and sequential time points after treatment and pre-treatment (allP＜0.05).The control group showed that RR, HR, SaO2, CI, EVLWI were significantly different between 6 h and sequential time points after treatment and pre-treatment (P＜0.05 for all).There were significant differences in RR, HR, SBP, SaO2, CI, EVLWI at 2 h and 6 h after treatment between the two groups (P＜0.05 for all).Parameters of RR, HR, CI, EVLWI at 72 h after treatment had differences between the experimental group and controls.Patients in the experimental group presented larger urine volume, lower level of plasma NT-pro BNP, higher left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and shorter length of stay in CCU as compared with patients in the control group (P＜0.05 for all).In adverse events monitoring in hepatic parameters, electrolyte level and coagulation function before and after treatment, there was no significant difference between the two groups.Conclusions Compared with the conventional treatment, the combination therapy with rh-BNP and levosimendon can improve the hemodynamics, increase the urine volume, decrease the level of plasma NT-proBNP and elevate LVEF significantly, so as to improve the clinical symptoms and shorten the hospital stay in patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by heart failure.

Objective To investigate the correlation among fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO), child asthma control test(C-ACT) and lung function in asthmatic children and its clinical significance. Methods A total of 108 cases of asthmatic children in the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University from June 2016 to September 2018 were recruited. Forty-seven cases (47.44%) were in acute onset, 40 cases(40.37%) were in chronic persistent, and 21 cases (21.19%) were in paracmasis. FeNO, lung function and C-ACT score were measured, and the correlation among them was analyzed. Results The level of FeNO in acute onset patients and chronic persistent patients had no significant difference:(44.18 ± 25.47)×10-9 vs. (46.98 ± 27.50)×10-9, P>0.05, but the level of FeNO in paracmasis patients was lower [(24.43 ± 10.71) × 10-9], compared with that of acute onset patients and chronic persistent patients, there were significant differences (P < 0.01). The scores of C-ACT in three groups had significant difference (P < 0.01), and there were significant differences between any two groups (P <0.01). The levels of forced expiratory peak flow rate measured value as a percentage of predicted value (FEV1%) and forced expiratory volume and forced vital capacity ratio in the first second (FEV1/FVC) in acute onset patients were significantly lower than those in chronic persistent patients and paracmasis patients (P <0.01), and there were no significant differences between chronic persistent patients and paracmasis patients (P＞0.05). Conclusions Compared with lung functions and C-ACT, FeNO is a good biomarker to evaluate the airway inflammation of asthmatic children.